1. Knee Anatomy

2. Knee Joint
The most poorly constructed joint in the body. Femur has rounded distal epiphysis while proximal epiphysis of Tibia is flat. Creates a very unstable design.
Comprised of four separate bones.
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Patella

3. Femur and Tibia
Articular cartilage covers the ends of both the femur and the tibia.
Medial and Lateral Condyles- found at the distal end of the Femur.
Medial and lateral Condyles found at the proximal end of the Tibia.

4. Patella Patella tendon- attaches onto the anterior of the Tibia.
Provides protection of Knee Joint, Patella also lifts tendons to increase leverage.
Quadriceps tendon-attaches the Quadriceps to the patella.

5. Cruciate Ligaments Major stabilizing ligaments in the knee.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)-prevents the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur.
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) prevents knee from hyperextending
Injuries are most often caused by hyperflexion and hyperextension of the knee or rotation at the knee.

6. Cruciate Ligaments
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)-It prevents the tibia from sliding backwards under the femur.
Injuries usually caused by Hyperextension
These cruciate ligaments get their name for their cross over (crucifix) arrangement.

7. Collateral Ligament
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)- connect the tibia and the femur on the medial side of the knee joint.
A force from the lateral side could cause a tear to MCL.
Very common injury in many contact sports.

8. Collateral Ligament
Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)- connect the fibula to the femur on the lateral side of knee.
A force from the medial side (rare) can cause a tear of the LCL.

9. Cartilage Articulate Cartilage-covers the moving parts of the knee.
Very smooth and slippery.
Chronic damage to articulate cartilage leads to osteoarthritis.

10. Cartilage
Meniscus- half moon shaped cartilage (Fibrocartilage) lying between the knee joint.
These Menisces (Lateral/Medial) act as shock absorbers to handle pounding in the joint.
Often prone to tearing, which may require surgery to remove fragment.

11. Meniscus Tear

12. Knee Injuries ACL Replacement surgery.
Often requires harvesting 1/3rd of Patellar tendon or from cadaver.
Animation
Animation 2

13. KNEE SURGERY Arthroscopic Surgery for Torn Meniscus
Checkout Animation on Arthroscopic Surgery
KNEE SURGERY