1. Organ Systems ST 110 Chapter 4

2. Objectives Describe the various organ systems of the body Describe the various organ systems of the body Describe the concept of homeostasis and it’s importance to your health Describe the concept of homeostasis and it’s importance to your health Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback Discuss organ replacement, problems versus solutions Discuss organ replacement, problems versus solutions

3. Introduction Organ – a collection of two or more different tissues, organized to perform a specific function Organ – a collection of two or more different tissues, organized to perform a specific function Organ System – a collection of various organs organized to perform a specific function not capable of a single organ Organ System – a collection of various organs organized to perform a specific function not capable of a single organ Eleven organ systems: Eleven organ systems: –Integumentary System –Skeletal System –Muscular System –Nervous System

4. Introduction Organ Systems Organ Systems –Endocrine System –Circulatory System Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Lymphatic System Immune System Immune System –Respiratory System –Digestive System –Excretory (Urinary) System –Reproductive System

5. Integumentary System Components Components –Skin –Hair –Nails –Suderiferous (sweat) glands –Sebaceous glands Functions Functions –Protection –Helps regulate body temperature –Houses sensory receptors

6. Skeletal System Components Components –Bones –Joints –Ligaments –Cartilage Functions Functions –Support and protection –Attachment point for muscles –As a rigid framework for movement –Produces blood cells –Stores inorganic salts

7. Muscular System Components Components –Muscles –Tendons Functions Functions –Locomotion –Internal movement –Heat generation

8. Nervous System Components Components –Brain –Spinal Cord –Associated Nerves Functions Functions –Communication and coordination of function between body parts –Memory –Learning –Conscious thought

9. Endocrine System Components Components –Pituitary Gland –Pineal Gland –Thyroid –Testes –Ovaries –Hypothalamus –Thymus –Pancreas –Adrenal Glands Function Function –Regulate body metabolism, growth, and reproduction

11. Circulatory System: Lymphatic System Immune System Components Components –Lymph vessels –Lymph nodes –Thymus –Spleen –Red bone marrow Function Function –Transportation –Protection

12. Circulatory System: Cardiovascular System Components Components –Heart –Arteries –Veins –Capillaries –Blood Function Function –Transportation

13. Respiratory System Components Components –Nasal Cavity –Pharynx –Larynx –Trachea –Bronchi –Lungs Function Function –As a reservoir for oxygen/carbon dioxide gas exchange –Helps regulate acid/base balance

14. Digestive System Components Components –Mouth –Tongue –Teeth –Salivary Glands –Pharynx –Esophagus –Stomach –Liver –Gallbladder –Pancreas –Small Intestine –Large Intestine Function Function –Introduce, breakdown, and absorb nutrients –Eliminate waste

16. Excretory (Urinary) System Components Components –Kidneys –Ureters –Urinary Bladder –Urethra Function Function –Eliminate waste products from the blood –Help regulate fluid/electrolyte balance

17. Reproductive System Components Components –Male Scrotum Scrotum Testes Testes Penis Penis Epididymides Epididymides Ductus (vas) deferens Ductus (vas) deferens Seminal vesicles Seminal vesicles Prostate Prostate Bulbourethral Glands Bulbourethral Glands Urethra Urethra Components Components –Female Ovaries Uterine (fallopian) tubes Uterus Vagina Vulva Mammary Glands

18. Reproductive System Function – perpetuation of the species Function – perpetuation of the species

19. Homeostasis Ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. Ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. Regulated and maintained by the integration of the organ systems of the body Regulated and maintained by the integration of the organ systems of the body Conditions monitored Conditions monitored –O 2 /CO 2 concentration –pH –nutrient/waste concentration –Electrolyte concentration –Extracellular fluid volume and pressure

20. Feedback Systems Means by which the body maintains homeostasis Means by which the body maintains homeostasis Two types Two types –Negative feedback Most often used Most often used Acts to reverse change in the internal environment Acts to reverse change in the internal environment –Positive feedback Acts to accelerate or increase change in the internal environment Acts to accelerate or increase change in the internal environment

23. Organ Replacement Approximately 8 million transplant operations are performed annually Approximately 8 million transplant operations are performed annually Artificial organs – only a temporary fix Artificial organs – only a temporary fix Xenograft organs – temporary measure Xenograft organs – temporary measure Advances to increase organ availability Advances to increase organ availability –Expansion of acceptable donor criteria –Improved organ preservation during transport –Procedures that allow for implantation of a partial organ –Advances in genetic engineering, stem cell biology, and tissue engineering