1. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

2. Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to any bleeding that starts in the gastrointestinal tract. Bleeding may come from any site along the GI tract, but is often divided into: Upper GI bleeding: The upper GI tract includes the esophagus (the tube from the mouth to the stomach), stomach, and first part of the small intestine. Lower GI bleeding: The lower GI tract includes much of the small intestine, large intestine or bowels, rectum, and anus.

3. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding GI bleeding may be a sign of more serious diseases and conditions, such as the following cancers of the GI tract: Cancer of the colon Cancer of the small intestine Cancer of the stomach Other possible causes of GI bleeding include: Abnormal blood vessels in the lining of the intestines Ulcerative colitis Esophageal varices Esophagitis Gastric (stomach) ulcer Radiation injury to the bowel

4. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis The diagnosis of upper GI bleeding is assumed when hematemesis is documented. In the absence of hematemesis, an upper source for GI bleeding is likely in the presence of the factors: black stool. Gastroccult test positive Endoscopic image of small gastric ulcer with visible vessel

5. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Treatment Stop bleeding 1.Fluids and medicines through a vein 2.Endoscopic banding 3.Surgery Blood transfusions Treat primary disease

6. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding includes: Stop smoking. Avoid exposure to secondary smoke. Avoid alcohol. Avoid caffeine. Avoid aspirin. Avoid heavy or regular use of medications: