1. Introduction to APES

2. Sustainability
Solutions to problems that minimize the environmental, social, and economic costs.
Ability of a system, (environmental, social, and economic) to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely.
Making something survive and thrive into the future.

3. Environmentally Sustainable Societies
Meet the Economic needs of its people in an Equitable manner without degrading the Environment.
Figure 1-4

4. POPULATION Doubling Time
Rule of 70:
Pop. Doubling time = 70/growth rate
Ex: If China’s economy were growing at a rate of 9.5%, how many years will it take China’s economy to double?

5. RESOURCES Perpetual: On a human time scale are continuous.
Renewable: On a human time scale can be replenished rapidly (e.g. hours to several decades).
Nonrenewable: On a human time scale are in fixed supply.

6. POLLUTION
Found at high enough levels in the environment to cause harm to organisms.
Point source
Nonpoint source
Figure 1-9

7. Developed Nations
Developed Nations: Countries that are industrialized, have a high standard of living, and a high per capita GDP.
United States
Western Europe
Japan

8. Developing Nations
Countries that are becoming industrialized, have rapid population growth, have lower standards of living, and have lower per capita GDP.
Moderately developed: China, India
Less Developed: Nigeria, Sudan, Congo, Afghanistan

9. Major Environmental Problems

10. Overpopulation Human population is growing exponentially
Mostly in developing nations as they improve their health care and increase their resource availability (Nigeria, India, etc)
Environmental Effects
Overuse of resources (water, food, land, minerals, fuels, etc.)
Pollution, land degradation

11. Overpopulation (cont)
Economic Effects
More people fighting for the same number of jobs
More people in poverty
Lower per capita GDP
Countries economies are impacted trying to maintain a standard of living
Equity Effects
Poverty
People cannot improve their Standard of Living

12. Mass Extinction
Major Loss of Biodiversity around the world as areas are degraded, deforested, and polluted
Environmental Effects
Loss of thousands of different species as they go extinct
Can effect organisms throughout the food web

13. Mass Extinction Economic Effects
Loss of revenue from these species, including for food (fishing) or for resources (trees-lumber/paper)
Equity Effects
People will not have equal access to resources
Areas with high biodiversity will have more severe impacts (tropical rainforests) and lose more resources than other areas

14. Pollution
Air, water, land, soil, noise, light are all effecting the environment in a negative way
Environmental Effects
Harm food chains/webs, individual organisms with health effects, reduce biodiversity
Economic Effects
Loss of resources that could be profitable
Pay for clean up (external costs)

15. Pollution Equity Developing nations will have more pollution
Won’t have $ to pay for clean up
More health effects (ie China)
Fewer resources in Developing Nations