1. UNIT - I

2. Syllabus Introduction to Open Source Operating Systems and Programming Languages, Introduction to Bharat Operating System (BOSS) GNU/Linux users model GUI, System Folders, study Commands (Using command terminal) with switches : ls, Directory Commands, Change user, privileges, passwords, tty, who, config, make, rpm, yum, sudo, Shutdown Eclipse Editor, Compiler, Linker, Libraries, GUI, Configuring Programming Environments: C, C++. Java, Python (Pydev), Output, Debug windows 2 FPL-I UNIT-I

3. Syllabus.. Introduction to types of Programming Languages – Machine-level, Assemblylevel and High-level Languages, Scripting Languages, Natural Languages; Their relative Advantages and Limitations. Characteristics of a Good Programming Language; Selecting a Language out of many available languages for coding an application; subprograms. Short Introduction to LISP, Simulation Platforms: MATLAB and GNU Octave(Open Source), Importance of Documentation, Documentation Platform LATEX (Free ware/Open Source). 3 FPL-I UNIT-I

4. What is Computer? Prof. N. B. Pokale Computer is an electronic device used to perform Arithmetic & logical operations depeneds on input given to it. Computers only understand binary language i.e. 0s and 1s FPL-I UNIT-I 4

5. Generations of Computer First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Prof. N. B. Pokale FPL-I UNIT-I 5

6. First Generation H/W Technology  Vacuum tubes S/W Technology  M/C and Assembly Lang. Prof. N. B. Pokale Vacuum Tube FPL-I UNIT-I 6

7. Second Generation H/W Technology  Transistors S/W Technology  High Level Lang. Prof. N. B. Pokale FPL-I UNIT-I 7

8. Third Generation H/W Technology  ICs with SSI and MSI technology S/W Technology  Standardization of High Level Lang. Prof. N. B. Pokale FPL-I UNIT-I 8

9. Fourth Generation H/W Technology  ICs with VLSI technology, Microprocessors S/W Technology  GUI based OS( multitasking), UNIX OS, C Lang, N/W based Applications,C,C++,smalltalk Prof. N. B. Pokale FPL-I UNIT-I 9

10. Fifth Generation H/W Technology  ICs with ULSI technology, Larger Capacity Main Memory & HDD S/W Technology  WWW, Multimedia Applications, Internet Based applications Prof. N. B. Pokale FPL-I UNIT-I 10

11. Terminologies Prof. N. B. Pokale PC Hardware (hard to change) Software (easy to change) System software E.g.Operating system Application software E.g. Railway reservation system FPL-I UNIT-I 11

12. Prof. N. B. Pokale Figure 1-4: Software FPL-I UNIT-I 12

13. Prof. N. B. Pokale Secondary storage Input devicesOutput devices Control unit Arithmetic/ logic unit Register storage area CPU Main Memory Structure of Computer FPL-I UNIT-I 13

14. Hardware Components Central processing unit (CPU)  A hardware component that performs computing functions utilizing the ALU, control unit, and registers. Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)  Performs mathematical calculations and makes logical comparisons Control unit  Coordinates flow of data in/out of ALU, registers, primary and secondary storage, and various output devices Prof. N. B. Pokale FPL-I UNIT-I 14

15. Hardware Components Registers  High-speed storage areas used to temporarily hold small units of program instructions and data immediately before, during, and after execution by the CPU Primary storage  Holds program instructions and data (main memory) Prof. N. B. Pokale FPL-I UNIT-I 15

16. Prof. N. B. Pokale Memory types Primary RAM,ROM Secondary HDD,CD,PenDrive FPL-I UNIT-I 16

17. Devices for Secondary Storage HDD Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD- ROM) Digital Video Disks Memory cards Removable storage Prof. N. B. Pokale FPL-I UNIT-I 17

18. Input Devices Prof. N. B. Pokale Digital cameras Scanning devices Touch sensitive screens Keyboard Mouse FPL-I UNIT-I 18

19. Output Devices Display monitors Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) Printers and plotters Prof. N. B. Pokale FPL-I UNIT-I 19

20. Storage Capacity Unit Symbol kilobyte KB 2 10 = 1024 megabyte MB 2 20 =1024 KB gigabyte GB 2 30 = 1024 MB terabyte TB 2 40 = 1024 GB Prof. N. B. Pokale FPL-I UNIT-I 20

21. Applications of computer Business application Industrial applications Home applications Education and Training Science applications Arts and Entertainment Prof. N. B. Pokale FPL-I UNIT-I 21

22. Distribution of Software Software made available to intended users through two forms. i.Closed Source/Licensed ii.Open Source iii.Pirated FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 22

23. Closed Source Software Closed source software is a proprietary software It is distributed under a licensing agreement to users. The users can not modify, copy, or redistribute the software FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 23

24. Open Source Software Open-source software (OSS) is computer software that is available with source code. the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under an open-source license that permits users to study, change, improve and at times also to distribute the software. Open source software is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Examples- Linux, Apache, Firfox, OpenOffice FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 24

25. Introduction to Open Source Operating System BOSS BOSS is GNU/Linux distribution developed by C- DAC It is derived from Debian for enhancing the use of free/open source software throughout India. It has support for almost all Indian languages. It is available in all the official Indian languages such as Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil etc. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 25

26. Features of BOSS User friendly Graphical Installer Indian version of OpenOffice- Bharatheeoo 3D Desktop Auto detection of devices Hardware support for many electronic gadgets Auto mounting of all hard disk partitions Localization support for desktop Smart common input method Migration tool- Bulk document converter Internet tools- Pidgin, Firefox, X-chat, Ekiga Multimedia support Kennel- An application to send SMS FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 26

27. Screen Shots of BOSS

28. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 28 Desktop Components

29. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 29 BOSS APPLICATION MENU

30. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 30 BOSS ACCESSORIES MENU

31. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 31 BOSS PLACES MENU

32. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 32 BOSS SYSTEM PREFERENCES

33. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 33 BOSS TERMINAL WINDOW

34. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 34

35. Linux System Folders FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 35

36. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 36 Root(/)  The starting point of your directory structure.  This is where the Linux system begins.  Every other file and directory on your system is under the root directory.  Usually the root directory contains only subdirectories, so it's a bad idea to store single files directly under root. Boot (/boot)  As the name suggests, this is the place where Linux keeps information that it needs when booting up.  For example, this is where the Linux kernel is kept. If you list the contents of /boot, you'll see a file called vmlinuz - that's the kernel.

37. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 37 etc (/etc)  The configuration files for the Linux system. Most of these files are text files and can be edited by hand. Some interesting stuff in this directory:  /etc/inittab  A text file that describes what processes are started at system bootup and during normal operation  /etc/fstab  This file contains descriptive information about the various file systems and their mount points, like floppies, cdroms, and so on.  /etc/passwd  A file that contains various pieces of information for each user account. This is where the users are defined.

38. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 38 /bin, /usr/bin  These two directories contain a lot of programs (binaries, hence the directory's name) for the system.  The /bin directory contains the most important programs that the system needs to operate, such as the shells, ls, grep, and other essential things.  /usr/bin in turn contains applications for the system's users. However, in some cases it really doesn't make much difference if you put the program in /bin or /usr/bin. /sbin, /usr/sbin  Most system administration programs are stored in these directories. In many cases you must run these programs as the root user.

39. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 39 /usr  This directory contains user applications and a variety of other things for them, like their source codes, and pictures, docs, or config files they use. /usr is the largest directory on a Linux system, and some people like to have it on a separate partition. Some interesting stuff in /usr:  /usr/doc  Documentation for the user apps, in many file formats.  /usr/share  Config files and graphics for many user apps.  /usr/src  Source code files for the system's software, including the Linux kernel.

40. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 40  /usr/include  Header files for the C compiler. The header files define structures and constants that are needed for building most standard programs.  A subdirectory under /usr/include contains headers for the C++ compiler  /usr/X11R6  The X Window System and things for it.  The subdirectories under /usr/X11R6 may contain some X binaries themselves, as well as documentation, header files, config files, icons, sounds, and other things related to the graphical programs.  /usr/local  This is where you install apps and other files for use on the local machine

41. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 41 /lib  The shared libraries for programs that are dynamically linked. The shared libraries are similar to DLL's on Winblows /home  This is where users keep their personal files.  Every user has their own directory under /home, and usually it's the only place where normal users are allowed to write files.  You can configure a Linux system so that normal users can't even list the contents of other users' home directories. /root  The superuser's (root's) home directory. Don't confuse this with the root directory (/) of a Linux system.

42. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 42 /var  This directory contains variable data that changes constantly when the system is running. Some interesting subdirectories:  /var/log  A directory that contains system log files.  They're updated when the system runs, and checking them out can give you valuable info about the health of your system.  If something in your system suddenly goes wrong, the log files may contain some info about the situation.  /var/mail  Incoming and outgoing mail is stored in this directory.  /var/spool  This directory holds files that are queued for some process, like printing.

43. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 43 /tmp  Programs can write their temporary files here. /dev  The devices that are available to a Linux system. Remember that in Linux, devices are treated like files and you can read and write devices like they were files.  For example, /dev/fd0 is your first floppy drive, /dev/cdrom is your CD drive, /dev/hda is the first IDE hard drive, and so on.  All the devices that a Linux kernel can understand are located under /dev, and that's why it contains hundreds of entries. /mnt  This directory is used for mount points. The different physical storage devices (like the hard disk drives, floppies, CD-ROM's) must be attached to some directory in the file system tree before they can be accessed. This attaching is called mounting, and the directory where the device is attached is called the mount point.  The /mnt directory contains mount points for different devices, like /mnt/floppy for the floppy drive, /mnt/cdrom for the CD-ROM, and so on. However, you're not forced to use the /mntdirectory for this purpose, you can use whatever directory you wish. Actually in some distros, like Debian and SuSE, the default is to use /floppy and /cdrom as mount points instead of directories under /mnt.

44. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 44 /proc  This is a special directory. Well, actually /proc is just a virtual directory, because it doesn't exist at all! It contains some info about the kernel itself. There's a bunch of numbered entries that correspond to all processes running on the system, and there are also named entries that permit access to the current configuration of the system. Many of these entries can be viewed. /lost+found  Here Linux keeps the files that it restores after a system crash or when a partition hasn't been unmounted before a system shutdown. This way you can recover files that would otherwise have been lost.

45. Linux Commands The Linux command line  As you probably know, there are two kinds of user interfaces out there: graphical user interfaces (GUI's) and command line interfaces (CLI's)  You probably know that in a GUI you control things by pointing and clicking with your mouse, and in a CLI you type commands with your keyboard. The shell program  The shell is the program that interacts between you and the operating system. When you type commands, it's the shell that reads the commands from your keyboard, processes them, and finally gives them to the operating system. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 45

46. Linux Commands…. pwd (Finding out where you are)  The directory where you're currently working in, is called (surprise surprise) the working directory.  To find out where the working directory is, you use the pwd command that stands for print working directory ls  It is a linux shell command that lists directories and files in the current directory.  Example  ls –a  ls -B FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 46

47. Linux Commands…. Directory command  cd: Changes direcotory  dir: Briefly list directory contents  mv: Move or rename files or directories  rmdir: Removes directory User and Privilege Management  who: print all user names currently logged in  who am i: Print current user id and username  chown: change file owner and group  chmod: change access permissions  chgrp: change group ownership. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 47

48. Linux Commands…. Password command  passwd: Modify user password tty: It stands for terminal type. It prints the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. make: It is used to compile programs rpm: It is a powerful package manager. It is used to build, query, verify, update and erase individual software packages. yum: Yellowdog Updater Modified. It is used to install and remove packages. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 48

49. Linux Commands…. sudo: It executes a command as another user. Sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the super user. Shutdown: this command brings the system down. Shutdown brings a system down in a secure way.  All the logged in users are notified that the system is going down, and login is blocked. It is possible to shut the system down immediately or after a specified delay. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 49

50. Eclipse IDE Text Editor  A text editor is used for editing plain text or text files Compiler  It translates source code into target language. Linker  It is used to link different files to make executable file. IDE  An IDE normally consists of i.A source code editor ii.Build automation tools iii.A debugger or an interpreter or both FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 50

51. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 51 Eclipse Workspace Launcher

52. FPL-I UNIT-IProf. N. B. Pokale 52 Eclipse IDE for Java Program

53. Prof. N. B. Pokale 53 What is Programming Language? A language that is acceptable to computer system is called as Computer Language or Programming Language FPL-I UNIT-I

54. Prof. N. B. Pokale 54 Types of Programming Languages Machine-Level Assembly-Level High-Level FPL-I UNIT-I

55. Prof. N. B. Pokale 55 Machine-Level Language Only Lang understood by computer Consist of 0’s and 1’s It has two part format  Opcode  It tells computer what function to perform  Operand  It tells where to find or store the data, or other instructions FPL-I UNIT-I

56. Prof. N. B. Pokale 56 Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages  Faster Execution Disadvantages  Machine dependent  Difficult to program  Error prone  Difficult to modify FPL-I UNIT-I

57. Prof. N. B. Pokale 57 Assembly Language Designed in 1952 Alphanumeric mnemonics codes instead of numeric codes for instructions Each line consists of 4 columns [Label] [;comment] Example Label Opcode Operand Comment BEGIN ADD A,B ;Add B to A FPL-I UNIT-I

58. Prof. N. B. Pokale 58 Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Easy to understand & use Easy to correct and locate errors Easy to modify Disadvantages Machine dependent Knowledge of h/w required FPL-I UNIT-I

59. Prof. N. B. Pokale 59 Assembler InputOutput Assembly Lang Program Machine Lang Program Definition:  Converts Assembly Lang program into it’s equivalent machine Lang program FPL-I UNIT-I

60. Prof. N. B. Pokale 60 High-Level Languages Overcome limitations of Low level Languages( Machine & Assembly Language) FPL-I UNIT-I

61. Prof. N. B. Pokale 61 Compiler InputOutput High-Level Lang Program Machine Lang Program Translate high levele lang. instructions into m/c lang. instructions FPL-I UNIT-I

62. Prof. N. B. Pokale 62 Interpreter Input Output High-Level Lang Program m/c Lang Program Interpreter ( Translates & Executes statement-by-statement) Fig. Role of Interpreter Translates statement-by-statement instruction into machine Lang & immediately executes resulting Machine Lang instruction FPL-I UNIT-I

63. Prof. N. B. Pokale 63 Linker Source File 1Source File 2Source File 3 Compiler Object File 1Object File 2Object File 3 Compiler Linker Program Library Executable File Fig. Role of Linker FPL-I UNIT-I

64. Prof. N. B. Pokale 64 Loader Loader is component of compiler Locates given program in offline storage Loads into main memory for execution FPL-I UNIT-I

65. Prof. N. B. Pokale 65 Advantages of High level Lang. Machine Independent Easy to Learn and Use Less Errors Disadvantages Lower Efficiency FPL-I UNIT-I

66. Prof. N. B. Pokale 66 FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation. Designed for scientific and mathematical applications by scientists and engineers. Algebra based lang General purpose and procedural language Oldest HLL BY JOHN BACKUS FPL-I UNIT-I

67. Prof. N. B. Pokale 67 COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language. Best File handling capability Typically used for business applications. GRACE HOPPER FPL-I UNIT-I

68. Prof. N. B. Pokale 68 BASIC Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. Today, it is not used to develop the programs but used to teach fundamentals of programming Interpreted language FPL-I UNIT-I

69. Prof. N. B. Pokale 69 Pascal ● Named after French philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal. ● Start with keyword begin ● Teaching Lang. ● Platform independent ● Used for scientific computational appl. FPL-I UNIT-I

70. Prof. N. B. Pokale 70 C Developed at Bell Laboratories in the 1972 by Dennis Ritchie. Provides efficiency of assembly language while having third generation language features. Often used for system programs. UNIX is written in C. Easy to learn and use Rich set of in built functions FPL-I UNIT-I

71. Prof. N. B. Pokale 71 C++ Developed by Bjarne Stroupstrup in 1983 It is C language with additional features. Object oriented language FPL-I UNIT-I

72. Prof. N. B. Pokale 72 JAVA Developed by Sun Microsystem in 1991 An object-oriented language Platform independent Jvm is m/c dependent FPL-I UNIT-I

73. Prof. N. B. Pokale 73 LISP ● LISt Processing Language ● Language based on lambda calculus. (Mathematical notation for expressing functions.) ● Permit the use of recursion ● Used in AI research FPL-I UNIT-I

74. Prof. N. B. Pokale 74 MATLAB MATrix LABoratory Possesses tools for building custom GUI Includes mathematical functions  Linear algebra, Fourier analysis, numerical integration USE  Image & signal processing FPL-I UNIT-I

75. Prof. N. B. Pokale 75 Scripting Lang A scripting language is a form of programming language that is usually interpreted rather than compiled.interpretedcompiled Used for web development Examples: Javascript,vbscript,html etc FPL-I UNIT-I

76. Prof. N. B. Pokale 76 Characteristics of Good PL Portability Reliability Performance Reusability FPL-I UNIT-I

77. Prof. N. B. Pokale 77 Selecting Language for Coding Selecting Lang out of many available Languages for coding an Application depending on following factors Nature of Application Familiarity with Lang Ease of Learning Lang Execution Efficiency FPL-I UNIT-I