1. LING 388: Language and Computers Sandiway Fong Lecture 22 11/8

2. Administrivia Graded Homeworks 5 and 6 no real problems with Homework 5, but Homework 6 seems to be worth reviewing in class

3. Homework 6 Review Other verbal morphology constraints progressive be takes -ing –rule: (progressive) be V-ing –examples I was eating dinner *I was ate dinner progressive + passive –rule: (progressive) be be-ing V+en –examples dinner was being eaten (progressive passive) *dinner was been eating(*passive progressive) modify the grammar (g18.pl) to handle the examples above Report the errors: morphology constraint s aux vp np n was dinner aux vp being v eaten

4. Grammar: g18.pl

7. Homework 6 Review Part 1 progressive be takes -ing –rule: (progressive) be V-ing –examples I was eating dinner *I was ate dinner for progressives:–ing form is required, incompatible with –ed vp(vp(Aux,VP),Ending) --> aux(Aux,Ending), vp(VP,Ending2), {checkEnding(Ending2,ing)}. checkEnding(X,Ending) :- X = Ending -> true ; write(‘Error: verb inflectional ending must be ‘), write(Ending), write(‘, not ‘),write(X),nl, fail. vp(vp(Aux,VP),Ending) --> aux(Aux,Ending), vp(VP,Ending2), {checkEnding(Ending2,ing)}. checkEnding(X,Ending) :- X = Ending -> true ; write(‘Error: verb inflectional ending must be ‘), write(Ending), write(‘, not ‘),write(X),nl, fail.

8. Homework 6 Review Part 2 progressive + passive –rule: (progressive) be be-ing V+en –examples dinner was being eaten (progressive passive) *dinner was been eating(*passive progressive) s aux vp np n was dinner aux vp being v eaten Add lexical insertion rule aux(aux(be-ing),ing) --> [being]. Then solution on previous slide for Part 1 works here too 1.progressive be rule subcategorizes for any VP headed by a –ing verb 2.rule for passive be explicitly subcategorizes for a transitive main verb Add lexical insertion rule aux(aux(be-ing),ing) --> [being]. Then solution on previous slide for Part 1 works here too 1.progressive be rule subcategorizes for any VP headed by a –ing verb 2.rule for passive be explicitly subcategorizes for a transitive main verb

9. Last Time Japanese language properties –head-final: Subject Object Verb –case particles: -ga (nominative), -o (accusative) –wh-in-situ (not fronted): dare (who), nani (what) –sentence-final Q-particle: ka examples –Taroo-ga hon-o katta(declarative) –taroo-nom book-acc bought –Taroo-ga nani-o katta ka(object wh-question) –dare-ga hon-o katta ka(subject wh-question)

10. Grammar j21.pl we can both parse and generate with this simple grammar

11. Japanese Grammar Testing the Japanese grammar… Sentences: –Taroo-ga hon-o katta John-nom book-acc buy-PAST –dare-ga hon-o katta ka who-nom book-acc buy-PAST Q –*dare-ga hon-o katta who-nom book-acc buy-PAST –Taroo-ga nani-o katta ka John-nom what-acc buy-PAST Q –*Taroo-ga nani-o katta John-nom what-acc buy-PAST –dare-ga nani-o katta ka who-nom what-acc buy-PAST Q –*dare-ga nani-o katta who-nom what-acc buy-PAST

12. Wh-Questions: English English –declarative John bought a book –wh-question Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) grammar implementation –subject wh-question straightforward - same word order as declarative counterpart –object wh-question complex operation (irregular) 1.object wh-phrase must be fronted 2.do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”) 3.bought  buy (untensed form) John bought a bookJohn bought whatwhat John boughtwhat did John boughtwhat did John buy

13. English Grammar starting point –grammar g18.pl (see slides in Homework 6 Review section) –parse tree, pre-predicate argument grammar

14. Exercise 2: Step 1 Let’s modify the example grammar to handle the following sentences declarative –John bought a book wh-question –Who bought a book? –(subject wh-phrase) –*John bought what? –(only possible as an echo-question) –What did John buy? –(object wh-phrase) add rules for the new words –bought bookjohn –who what Note: the Japanese grammar incorporates the wh/notwh feature –np(np(taroo),notwh) --> [taroo]. –np(np(hon),notwh) --> [hon]. –np(np(dare),wh) --> [dare]. –np(np(nani),wh) --> [nani].

15. Exercise 2: Step 1 wh-feature has been added to nouns –got to pass wh feature information up to the noun phrase node level Basic idea: –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –np(np(Y),Q) --> pronoun(Y,Q). –np(np(N),notwh) --> proper_noun(N). –np(np(D,N),Q) --> det(D,Number),common_noun(N,Number,Q). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,Q). Check your grammar declarative sentences should work as before –?- s(X,[john,bought,a,book],[]). –X = s(np(john),vp(v(bought),np(det(a),n(book))))

16. Exercise 2: Step 1 check the grammar subject wh-question –?- s(X,[who,bought,a,book],[]). –X = s(np(who),vp(v(bought),np(det(a),n(book)))) note –this is an overly simple in-situ analysis –(normally, it is assumed that who is raised to a higher specifier position, e.g. Specifier of CP) object wh-question –?- s(X,[john,bought,what],[]). –X = s(np(john),vp(v(bought),np(what))) assuming it’s not an echo question how do we block this analysis? –by stipulating the value of Q to be notwh –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh).

17. Exercise 2: Step 2 grammar –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh). –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. object wh-question –?- s(X,[what,did,john,buy],[]). we need to write rules for wh-object fronting –First, some rules for “do” –aux(aux(was)) --> [was]. –do(aux(did)) --> [did]. –do(aux(do)) --> [do]. –do(aux(does)) --> [does]. s np vp v sbar np what buy john aux did np wh-trace

18. Exercise 2: Step 2 grammar –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh). –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. object wh-question –complex operation (irregular) 1.object wh-phrase must be fronted 2.do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”) 3.bought  buy (untensed form) 1.fronting –sbar(sbar(X,Y)) --> np(X,wh), s(Y). s np vp v sbar np what buy john aux did np wh-trace

19. Exercise 2: Step 2 grammar –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh). –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. object wh-question –complex operation (irregular) 1.object wh-phrase must be fronted 2.do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”) 3.bought  buy (untensed form) 2.do-support –sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A), s(Y). s npvp v sbar np what buy john aux did

20. Exercise 2: Step 3 grammar –sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A), s(Y). –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh). –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. object wh-question –complex operation (irregular) 1.object wh-phrase must be fronted 2.do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”) 3.bought  buy (untensed form) 3.untensed main verb –transitive(v(bought),ed) --> [bought]. –transitive(v(buy),root) --> [buy]. s npvp v sbar np what buy john aux did

21. Exercise 2: Step 3 grammar –sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A), s(Y). –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh). –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. Object wh-question: –complex operation (irregular) 1.object wh-phrase must be fronted 2.do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”) 3.bought  buy (untensed form) 3.VP rule for missing (fronted) object –transitive(v(buy),root) --> [buy]. –vp(vp(Y,np(wh-trace))) --> transitive(Y,root). s np vp v sbar np what buy john aux did np wh-trace

22. Exercise 2: Step 3 Grammar check Test the modified grammar on –What did John buy? Does the grammar accept –John bought what?

23. Exercise 2: Step 4 How do we force our VP fronted rule to be used? One method: –signal or pass information down the tree encoded in the nonterminal name Modify rule sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A), s_objectwh(Y). Add new rule s_objectwh(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp_objectwh(Z). Modify rule vp_objectwh(vp(Y,np(wh-trace))) --> transitive(Y,root). s[objectwh] np vp [objectwh] v sbar np what buy john aux did np wh-trace Like a slash category S/NP

24. Exercise 2: Step 4 Check all the original sentences work –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) grammar –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh). –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. –sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A), s_objectwh(Y). –s_objectwh(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp_objectwh(Z). –vp_objectwh(vp(Y)) --> transitive(Y,root). query –?- sbar(X,[what,did,john,buy],[]). –X = sbar(np(what),aux(did),s(np(john),vp(v(buy)))) cleaning up, add new rule –sbar(S) --> s(S). s[objectwh] np vp [objectwh] v sbar np what buy john aux did

25. Exercise 3 Subject and object wh-nouns do not end up in the same place in this simple grammar. Modify the grammar to use traces of movement. Generate the following structures: –[ Sbar Who [ S [ NP trace] [ VP bought [ NP a book]]]] –[ Sbar What did [ S [ NP John] [ VP buy [ NP trace]]]]