1. Environmental Access and Universal Design Brian J. Dudgeon, Ph.D., OTR Associate Professor, Occupational Therapy Rehabilitation Medicine Chair, Standing Committee on Accessibility

2. Environmental Appraisal Accessibility vs. Hospitality –Restaurant Access and Hosting Semiotics (interpretation of signs and symbols) of Accessibility and Cultural Construction* of Disability –Mini-ethnography –Spontaneity and accessibility do not mix well –Othering of the person with disability *irony of terms *irony of terms

3. Environmental Assessment Goals: –Differentiate between personal versus public accommodation practices –Acknowledge components of activity and contexts of performance –Learn and apply standards for access –Discuss ‘Universal Design’ concepts –Debate needs of “others”

4. Universal Design: What and Why? Universal design is the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. Universal Design is an effort to assure, through careful planning and execution, that a product, environment, or system offers improved usability to the entire population.

5. Universal Design: What and Why? Intent: simplify life for everyone by making products, communications, and the built environment more usable by as many people as possible at little or no extra cost. Benefits: people of all ages, sizes, and abilities. A simple idea. Why make a fuss!

6. Occupational Therapy & Design? Concern with ability to be active and to participate Uses of activity and occupation as a means (process) and ends (outcome) Disability (less than expected) Contexts: Physical, Social, etc.

7. Activity Performance l Idea, Opportunity, Expectation l Mobility l Manipulation l Communication l Cognition Mobility Manipulation Communication Cognition

8. Activity Contexts l Habits l Environments l Home l School/Work l Community l Commuting Between

9. Activity Contexts Personal Environments –Personal interventions alternate methods, uses of assistive/adaptive devices –Social Interventions assistance,  expectations –Physical Interventions rearrange environment, additions to environment, structural changes Public Environments –Barrier Free Modification –Universal Design Personal Accommodation Public Accessibility

10. Personal Environments: Home AssessmentInterview –Descriptive –Self-Assessment Site Visit –Team (OT, PT, Others) –Client and Family Recommendations

11. Personal Accommodation Access and Egress –Primary –Emergency Alternative Within Home –Controls –Levels Access BathroomBathroom BedroomBedroom KitchenKitchen Social & Leisure SpacesSocial & Leisure Spaces

12. Access and Egress

13. Controls & Level Access

15. Bathroom

16. Bathroom

17. Bathroom

18. Bedroom

19. Kitchen

20. Social & Leisure Spaces

21. Public Strategy: Population Based Legislative Mandate and Community Standard ADA (Federal-UFAS) UBC (State- ANSI) Human Factors Design (Anthropometry) Public Accessibility

22. Public Strategy: Population Based Public Accessibility “Barrier Free Design” “Universal Design”

23. Anthropometry Standards

24. Typical Disability

25. Accessibility Standards

29. Premise of access Mobility –fit through 32” wide space –turn around in 5’ x 5’ space –traverse incline 1:12 (30 ft maximum) –handle cross slope 1:48 –hand rails if 1:20 slope

30. Premise of access Manipulation –forward reach 15” to 48” high –side reach 9” to 54” high –standing reach 72” high –no grasp required (levers, pulls, push) –force 8 1/2 lbs exterior, 5 lbs interior *Closed hand controls

31. Premise of access Vision –lighting: outdoor 1 foot-candle, 5 foot- candles with change of elevation –texture change for cane users –elimination of overhangs –Braille and signage size & content

32. Premise of access Hearing –telephones 1 accessible, 1 of 3 with shelf for text-type device 25% with volume control 1 TTY per 4 public phones –alarm systems: visible and sound signals in corridors, lobbies, toilet rooms, hotel rooms, public/common use areas

33. Washington State Guidelines Route of Travel –Primary route to primary functions, common use –Directional signage –Max. walking distance 100 feet –Walks curbs, ramps, stairs, parking ramps: 1:12, 30’rise, 60” square landing continuous handrails 12” beyond top and bottom parking 1/10 medical,  1/25 residential –13’ x 20’ (van 16’ x 20’)

34. Washington State Guidelines Building Access –50% of all public entrances 32” clear opening, 60” open space for turning Maximum 1/2” threshold sill –Corridors 36” minimum, 60” square each 100 feet 44” suggested –Aisles/Seats  44” clearance –Elevator Controls 34”-54” high

35. Washington State Guidelines Facilities –Public Toilets 32” opening, 60” turning –Sinks: 34” high, 24” knee clearance, 30” wide, 17” deep –Kitchens: 60” turning space

36. Guideline Similarity- Source http://www.access-board.gov/indexes/accessindex.htm

37. Universal, Designing What? “Barrier-Free”  “Life-Span Design” “Trans-Generational Design” “Visitability” “Accessible Design” “Universal Design”

38. Public Strategy: Population Based Public Accessibility “Barrier Free Design” “Universal Design”

39. Basis of Design: Anthropometry Who’s who? –Population Measures –Young, white, right handed males Who are they? –Generic disabled man (in WC, sighted or hearing) New Understanding, Sources?

40. Who fits in? Population based design works for: –a young white, right handed male –Not his grandparents –Not himself- 45 years later –Not the “disabled” –“Peter Pan and his friends”

41. Who fits in? Accessible or Universal design works for: –a young white, right handed male –Almost everyone else too! –“Curb Cut Logic” –“Closed Captioning” –“Ergonomics”

42.  “Accessible” implies deficient Stigmatizing: “special products and environments promote negative self concept” “Universal” refers to a goal to be reached, an attitude, rather than a strict absolute

44. Universal Design: What and Why? Accessibility/Universality Personal Strategy: –Personal Change –Social Expectations –Environmental Re-do Public Strategy: Population Based –Public Environments becoming “Barrier Free” Personal Accommodation Public Accessibility

45. Universal Design: What and Why? Personal Accommodation Public Accessibility Personal and Public Space Accessibility Principle of visitability, applies accessibility to private residences “Visitability”

46. Universal Design: What and Why? Public Accessibility Legislative Mandate and Community Standard ADA (Federal-UFAS) UBC (State- ANSI) Human Factors Design (Anthropometry)

47. Universal Design More than Guidelines & Standards Application of Concepts, Innovations http://www.access-board.gov/indexes/accessindex.htm A good place to start! But, not to finish

48. Universal Design http://www.design.ncsu.edu/cud/univ_design/princ_overview.htm

49. Principle 1: Equitable Use  Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible.  Avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users.  Provisions for privacy, security, and safety should be equally available to all users.  Make the design appealing to all users.

52. Principle 1: Equitable Use

53. Principle 2: Flexibility in Use  Provide choice in methods of use.  Accommodate right- or left-handed access and use.  Facilitate the user's accuracy and precision.  Provide adaptability to the user's pace.

55. Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive  Eliminate unnecessary complexity.  Be consistent with user expectations and intuition.  Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills.  Arrange information consistent with its importance.  Provide effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion.

56. Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive

57. Principle 4: Perceptible Information  Use different modes/means for redundant presentation of essential information.  Provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings.  Maximize "legibility" of essential information.  Differentiate elements in ways that can be described as in directions.  Provide compatibility with assistive devices

59. Principle 5: Tolerance for Error  Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used elements, most accessible; hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, or shielded.  Provide warnings of hazards and errors.  Provide fail safe features.  Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance.

60. Principle 5: Tolerance for Error

61. Principle 6: Low Physical Effort  Allow user to maintain a neutral body position.  Use reasonable operating forces.  Minimize repetitive actions.  Minimize sustained physical effort

62. Principle 7: Size and Space Access  Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user.  Make reach to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user.  Accommodate variations in hand and grip size.  Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal assistance.

64. Adoption of principles requires support from upper management, and use of cross-functional teams in design and development process. UD and UW?

65. U.S. government issues rules for universal accessibility December 22, 2000 Web posted at: 9:28 a.m. EST (1428 GMT) by Margret Johnston (IDG) -- Rules issued by the U.S. government require IT companies that sell their products to the federal government to include accessibility features so that handicapped federal employees can use them.

68. Applications of Universal Design in Education (UDE) http://www.washington.edu/doit/Brochures/Academics/app_ud_edu.html