1. 1. Become familiar with history, comparative figures, and ethical questions on democracy assistance.

2. Foreign assistance aimed at building a democratic state and a democratic society.

4.  Marshall Plan: Germany post-WWII.  German “Stiftungen” beginning 1950s.  Part of international development programs beginning 1960s.

5.  1970s: US human rights priority established (Carter).  1980s: Reagan focus on democracy and human rights.  1983: National Endowment for Democracy (NDI, IRI).  1984: US State Dept. Office of Democratic Initiatives.

6.  1989: US Congress passed Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act.  1993: Clinton declared democracy a new priority in USAID.

7.  By mid-1990s, huge “democracy industry” established.  Government agencies:  USAID, CIDA, European Commission.  NGOs  Government-funded orgs, think tanks, technical assistance orgs, advocacy NGOs.  Private granting foundations  Ford, Soros, Macarthur.

8. 1. New opportunities from end of Cold War, collapse of Soviet power. 2. A method of boosting popularity of foreign aid at home. 3. Ideas about relationship between economic and political development changed.

9.  US dominant in absolute figures (28.8 billion USD in 2009).  But almost smallest in proportion of national income (0.21% GNI vs. Sweden highest at 1.12% GNI in 2009). Source: OECD Development Assistance Committee

10.  Worldwide:  3.3 billion USD (2002) – about 8% of bilateral ODA.  10 billion USD (2009) – about 12% of bilateral ODA.  US: 4.6 billion USD (2009).  18.6% of bilateral ODA (up from 9% in 2002).  EU countries: 8.8 billion USD (2009)  13% of total bilateral ODA (static % from 2002).  Canada: 512 million USD (2009).  16.2% of total bilateral ODA (up from 10% in 2002). Source: OECD Development Assistance Committee

11. 1. State 1. Effective state institutions 2. Judiciary 3. Electoral system 4. Legislation 2. Society 1. Political parties 2. NGOs 3. Mass media 4. Civic education

12. 1. Training 1. At home 2. Overseas 2. Grants 1. Project grants 2. Maintenance grants

13. 1. Democracy for the value itself. (Altruistic) 2. Idea that promoting democracy will promote world peace. (Strategic) 3. Goal to control democratic transitions and prevent mass participation. (Sinister)

14.  According to need or greatest promise?  Bigger countries emphasized?  No clear pattern of distribution overall.  EU focus on neighbours.  US strategic interests.  Scandinavians most even-handed.

15. 1. Illegitimate political intervention?  Usually not. 2. Narrow version of democracy promoted?  Typically yes. 3. Hypocrisy given Western democracies’ flaws?  Yes, needs acknowledging.