1. D group Summary of the Final Report

2. Questions 1.How can one explain the persistent existence of poverty in Welfare states? 2.Develop suggestions to improve bridging social capital without hurting bounding social capital? 3.The aid system has today its emphasize to reduce financial/material poverty. How can or/and should communities/the system handle lack of social capital? 4.Can you see any link between poverty and health? 5.Positive discrimination for disabled children, linked to youth’s health 6.What consequences for the quality of life of children can you see/predict looking at the modern society?

3. 1. How can one explain the persistent existence of poverty in Welfare states? Definition: Esping-Anderson – 4 types –Social democratic – corporatist – liberal – meridonal Social democratic countries encounter less recurrent and persistent poverty Above the differences, certain characteristics increase the poverty risk. (A. Manzoni) - female head – old head – low educated head – each additional child – unemployment

4. How can we explain these differences? every country is in another development stage of its welfare state According to these stages, the government has different priorities to focus on for example: the choice to support all the citizens (Scandinavian model) to support only particular groups (south European model) => a sort of crisis intervention policy Not only a question of priorities, also depends of the budget!

5. The initial welfare state, not adapted anymore => new risks: such as: individualisation – obsolescence – increasing immigration - family structure has changed The allowances provided for people under the poverty line are not sufficient to reach a level above the poverty line

6. 2. Social Capital. Develop suggestions to improve bridging social capital without hurting bounding social capital?

7. Bridging social capital: The integration problem Depends on migration history and culture Ideal situation: Integration Risk situation: Multiculturalism and Segregation - violence - discrimination - inequality (economic and social dimension) - school dropout

8. Bridging social capital Important: Not hurt bounding capital Suggestions: Start at local level Use schools Role of government: Support local initiatives

9. 3. How to deal with lack of social capital? Suggestions

10. The government & The municipalities Sponsor, support and subsidize local initiatives which aims to increase social capital Money, Locals & facilities

11. School as an important source of social capital outside the family To increase social capital Promote education for girls and women After school activities

12. To support and prevent Teachers and other authorities take responsibility Ex: Signs of children lacking social capital (support, network etc.) Tighter connection and cooperation between schools and social services Education/information about social services

13. 4. Can you see any link between poverty and health? Yes, affect mental and physical health Nutrition: bad diet – undernourishment – overweight Sport: expensive – don’t see the benefit of it Healthcare quality: big difference within the country – bad insurance Stress: overall atmosphere in the family – can lead to health problems Housing quality : small – bad conditions (hygiene – isolated)

14. 5. Positive discrimination for disabled children, linked to youth’s health Positive discrimination for children at normal schools: –Integrated in normal schools but get special treatment, more money, more facilities, more attention, etc. This is an ethical issue, so it is difficult to find the balance between advantages and disadvantages

15. Positive discrimination makes the start possible for changing attitude towards disabled people –Children learn from young age to interact with children who are “different” –In the future they will not exclude disabled people because they are used to have them around Disabled children get more money, so their facilities and treatment improve, without excluding them Special treatment of the teacher: avoids the level getting too low and the other children get bored

16. If the disabled children get more money, the other children get less because the budget is limited: they risk to get excluded Disabled child gets more attention from the teacher; the other children might feel jealous and exclude the disabled Positive discrimination can lead to discrimination

17. Indicators concerning social capital Increase: Divorce rates, single parents, working mothers Decrease of: Ties extended family, ties community, importance religion, shared activities: ‘ bowling alone’ 6.Modern society

18. Welfare state Individualization of society Modern society

19. Effects modern society concerning children - Knowledge and research -Development/improvement education system -Cooperation between institutions -Government in welfare issues - Weaker ties nuclear family - More time outside family -Question: Daycare good or bad? Conclusion: Decrease family social capital does not mean a decrease in childrens welfare