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CS147 - Terry Winograd - 1 Lecture 11 – HCI History Terry Winograd CS147 - Introduction to Human-Computer Interaction Design Computer Science Department.

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Presentation on theme: "CS147 - Terry Winograd - 1 Lecture 11 – HCI History Terry Winograd CS147 - Introduction to Human-Computer Interaction Design Computer Science Department."— Presentation transcript:

1 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 1 Lecture 11 – HCI History Terry Winograd CS147 - Introduction to Human-Computer Interaction Design Computer Science Department Stanford University Autumn 2006

2 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 2 Learning Goals Be familiar with the development of the major strands of interaction design and the technologies underlying them Gain an appreciation for the research, development and thought that went into the interfaces which today seem so mundane and commonplace Have a perspective on where things are going at the moment and likely to continue in the future

3 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 3 Generations of Human-Computer Interaction (Nielsen++) Pre-history – to 1945 Pioneer – 1945-55 Historical – 1955-65 Traditional – 1965-80 Modern – 1980-90 Web – 1990-… Mobile/Ubiquitous – 1990-…

4 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 4 Pre-history Precursors (Babbage, Jacquard Loom,...) Plugboards and Punchcards Tabulating machines, calculators,.. Communications – Teletype, Fax,…

5 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 5 Jacquard Loom (1804) Babbage Difference Engine (1849)

6 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 6 Hollerith Punch Cards (1890) Hollerith Electric Tabulator, US Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 1908, Photograph by Waldon Fawcett. Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-45687.

7 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 7 Teletype (ca. 1910)

8 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 8 Prehistory: Key Advances Ability for a mechanism to follow a sequence of operations according to pre-programmed instructions Digital encoding of information (both text content and instructions on what to do) Transmission of digital information

9 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 9 Pioneer (1945-1955) Stored program computers (Von Neumann) Complex electromechanical control systems (eg., bomb controls, aircraft controls…) –Primary Interaction Mode: A person is playing a part in controlling a complex realtime system. The interface is designed to provide information and control possibilities that are suited to the limitations of human performance and the demands of the task. Key Advances –Programmable digital computers –Systematic study of human factors

10 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 10 Historical (1955-1965) Specialized computers and interaction modes, often for a single highly trained user Integrated systems (e.g., air defense / SAGE)

11 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 11 Spacewar MIT PDP-1 (1960)

12 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 12 Lincoln Labs TX-2 Sketchpad (1962) Ivan Sutherland - MIT

13 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 13 Sage Air Defense (1963)

14 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 14 Historical: Key Advances Real-time interactive systems First interactive computer games Graphic interaction

15 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 15 Traditional 1965-1980 Mainframe – Batch Processing Time Sharing – Command Dialog

16 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 16 Batch Processing A user prepares data off line, submits it for a "run", and is given back an off line version of the results. Cycle time can be short but in many installations was hours or days. The computer ran one job after another without waiting for users to do anything Interaction through card decks and printouts Batch processing facilitated the efficient use of computers without waiting for human input

17 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 17 Time Sharing Text Command Line Interaction login as: winograd winograd@graphics's password: Last login: Tue Sep 20 15:22:48 2005 from xtz.stanford.edu *********************** * Welcome to SULinux! * * Authorized Use Only * *********************** Hint: run /usr/sbin/sulinux to reconfigure at any time Graphics> echo "hello world" hello world Graphics> connect to the web connect: Command not found. Graphics> help help: Command not found. Graphics> rm –R * Graphics>

18 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 18 Full-Screen Interaction Machine provides a pre-planned structure (often branching) of screens with blanks to be filled in and menus that offer options to go to other screens. User fills in the blanks, use menu to go to other screens Early embodiment in 3270 terminals Common in data entry, service jobs, etc. This was the interaction style for most early Web pages, including most uses of forms

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20 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 20 Key Advances: Historical Spread of computers to industry and government Real-time data entry Control over writing on screens Interactive applications

21 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 21 Modern (1980-1995) Personal Computers Graphical User Interface (GUI)

22 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 22 Personal Computers Early small hobbyist computers –MITS Altair (Roberts, 1975) –Apple I, (Jobs and Wozniak, 1976) Commercialized personal computers –Apple II, 1977 –IBM PC 1981

23 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 23 Altair (1975)

24 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 24 Apple I (1976)

25 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 25 Key Advances: Hobbyist computers Machines cheap enough to be used by someone other than government and big business or research labs Created the opportunity for a wide number of developers to start building software –Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote version of BASIC for MITS Altair – giving Microsoft its start

26 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 26 Commercialized Personal Computers Apple II, 1977 IBM PC 1981

27 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 27 Visicalc (1979) and Lotus 1-2-3 (1980)

28 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 28 Key Advances : Commercial PCs Apple II, 1977 –Key advances: First general purpose personal computer used widely in business (because of VisiCalc) IBM PC, 1981 –Key advances: Making the PC respectable to business in general by putting the IBM label on it Features –Character terminal –Text UI standards (IBM CUA) –Graphics: non-standard

29 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 29 Graphical User Interface (GUI) Bitmapped screen – pixels rather than characters WYSYWIG (What You See is What You Get) Direct Manipulation WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointing)

30 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 30 Precursor - Augment (Engelbart, 1968) Key advances: Mouse, direct manipulation of text, outlining, word processing, hyperlinking, multi-function integration

31 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 31 Augment at SRI (ca. 1965)

32 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 32 Xerox PARC Graphical Workstations Alto (research prototype), 1973 Star (commercial product), 1981

33 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 33 Xerox Star (1981) Introduced windows commercially, $17K Key advances: Integrated networked document environment, WYSYWIG text editing, icons, property sheets, window management,... –Unique design process (8 years of prototyping) Design first, then code Objects&Actions Graphic designers

34 Apple Lisa (1983) Apple’s first bitmapped-GUI computer Inspired by Alto (not Star) –1-button mouse Key advances: –Menu bar (instead of pop-up menus) But: underpowered, bad marketing ($10K)

35 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 35 Apple Macintosh (1984) Lisa follow-up Key advances: –GUI affordable to huge new user community –First commercially successful WIMP system, $2500 –Hypercard for mass authoring –Most consistent commercial WIMP UI Macintosh Human Interface Guidelines Apple Evangelists

36 Hypercard

37 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 37 GUI Software Platforms Windows 3.0, 95, 98, NT, XP, Vista… –Brought GUIs to the mass market Macintosh OS7,8,9, OSX, Cheetah, Puma, Jaguar, Panther, Tiger, Leopard… –One step ahead Variants –Open Look, Motif, Gnome, NextStep,, BeOS, … The paradigm is basically stable. What’s next?

38 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 38 Key Advances: GUI Workstations Xerox Alto (1973) –Menus, windows, pointing, dragging, etc. as we now know them Xerox Star (1981) –Integrated networked document environment with many of the features we now take for granted: WYSYWIG text editing, icons, property sheets, window management, etc. –Unique design process (8 years of prototyping) Apple Lisa (1983), Macintosh (1984) –Made the GUI interface affordable and usable to a huge new community of users.

39 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 39 Web Interfaces (1990-…) World Wide Web, Berners Lee, 1990 First Graphic browser – Mosaic –NCSA - University of Illinois, 1993 Search Engine –Webcrawler, Lycos, Altavista…1993-95 –Google, 1998 Graphic design (Director, Flash,…) –http://www.adobe.com/products/flash/flashpro/pro ductinfo/features/ Rich Web Interfaces 2000…

40 NCSA Mosaic

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43 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 43 Key Advances: Web interfaces First Generation – browsers and full screen interaction –Universal access to sites irrespective of location or computing platform Second Generation – Better visual design (e.g, CSS, Flash, multimedia,…) –Aesthetic control and impact Web 2.0 – Browser as powerful client, accessing web-based services –Integrated networked-based applications that leverage large-scale services (search, maps, etc.) –Blurs boundary between applications and web

44 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 44 Mobile Computing (1995 - …) PDAs –Apple Newton (1993) Depended heavily on Handwriting, failed in the market –Palm Pilot (1996) Used Graffiti, first commercial success Mobile Connected Devices –Cell Phones ++ –SoMoCo (Social Mobile Computing)

45 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 45 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) Apple Newton (1993) Palm Pilot (1996)

46 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 46 Mobile Devices

47 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 47 Research directions [for another lecture] Virtual Reality Augmented Reality Natural Language, Intelligent Agents Pen-based interaction Wearable Affective Computing Multimodal Interaction Tangible Interaction Human-Robot Interaction Ubiquitous Computing These have been explored for many years, but not made it into mainstream use. Which of them (or something else) will be the next big thing?


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