1. CS107: Introduction to Computer Science Lecture 2 Jan 29th

2. Last time –What is not Computer Science –What is Computer Science –Algorithms, properties and examples Today –Expressing algorithms: Pseudocode –Examples Algorithm for adding two m-digit numbers Algorithm for computing miles-per-gallon

3. What is Computer Science? The study of algorithms: –their formal properties correctness, limits efficiency/cost (Chapters 2, 3, 10) –their hardware realizations computer design (Chapters 4-6) –their linguistic realizations programming languages (Chapters 7-9) –their applications network design, ocean modeling, bioinformatics,...

4. What is an algorithm? Algorithm = well-defined procedure that allows an agent to solve a problem. Algorithms must: 1. Be well-ordered and unambiguous 2. Be executable (understandable), 3. Solve the problem, and 4. Terminate. Note: often the agent is a computer or a robot…

5. Example Algorithms Cooking a dish Making a peanut-butter jelly sandwich Shampooing hair Adding two numbers (p 7) Programming a VCR (p 6) Making a pie (p 13)

6. Designing Algorithms We need: A problem for which an effective algorithm can be written (i.e., one that is tractable), A language (e.g., “pseudocode” or C++), A methodology for translating the problem into an algorithm, and A computing “agent” that can understand and execute such algorithms.

7. Expressing algorithms Is natural language good? –For daily life, yes…but for CS is lacks structure and would be hard to follow –Too rich, ambiguous, depends on context How about a programming language? –Good, but not when we try to solve a problem..we want to think at an abstract level –It shifts the emphasis from how to solve the problem to tedious details of syntax and grammar.

8. Pseudocode Pseudocode = English but looks like programming Good compromise –Simple, readable, no rules, don’t worry about punctuation. Lets you think at an abstract level about the problem. –Contains only instructions that have a well-defined structure and resemble programming languages

9. Pseudocode elements Basic (primitive) operations –Read the input from user –Print the output to the user –Cary out basic arithmetical computations Conditional operations –Execute an operation if a condition is true Sequential operations Repeat operations –Execute a block of operation multiple times until a certain condition is met

10. Variables Variable –A named memory location that can store a value –Think of it as a box into which you can store a value, and from which you can retrieve a value Examples: –List variables: used when the input comes as a list of elements i carry a m-1 a m-2 … a 1 a 0 … a 1 a 2 … a m-1 a m …

11. Expression and assignment statements Function: change the value of a variable by evaluating arithmetic expressions can use any arithmetic expression, just like on a typical calculator: +. -. *, /, … Examples set the value of m to 2 set the value of i to 6. set the value of carry to i+2*m set the value of a i to 0 a 1 a 2 … a m-1 a m …

12. Input/Output Statements Function: transfer values from the user to a variable, or vice- versa get values for print value of Examples –Get the value of n from the user –Get value of the list of elements a 1, a 2, …,a m from the user –Print the value of result to the user

13. Sequential statements The steps of an algorithm are carried out in the order they are written. Conditional statements Function: specifying a statement that may or may not be done: if then else Example if the value of carry is 0 then set the value of a to 0 else set the vale of a to a+1

14. Loop statements Function: specify a group of statements that may be done several times (repeated): repeat until How does this work? –Condition is evaluated –If it is true than the loop terminates and the next instruction to be executed will be the instruction immediately following the loop –If it is false, then the algorithm executes the in order, one by one

15. Example Step 1: set count to 1 Step 2: repeat step 3 to step 5 until count is > 10 Step 3: set square to count *count Step 4: print value of square and value of count Step 5: add 1 to count Step 6: end What does this algorithm do? Note: indentation –Not necessary, but makes reading/understanding algorithms easier

16. An example pseudocode algorithm (Fig 1.2) Given: m ≥ 1 and two positive numbers a and b, each containing m digits, compute the sum c = a + b. 0Get values for m, a m-1 … a 0 and b m-1 … b 0 1Set the value of carry to 0. 2Set the value of i to 0. 3Repeat steps 4-6 until i > m-1 4 Set the value of c i to a i + b i + carry 5 if c i ≥ 10 then subtract 10 from c i and set the value of carry to 1 else set the value of carry to 0 6Add 1 to i 7Set the value of c m to carry 8Print value of c = c m c m-1 c m-2 … c 0

17. So, how does this work??? For example, the input is m = 4, a = 3276, and b = 7345. After step 0, the variables m, a, and b have those values: m a 3 a 2 a 1 a 0 b 3 b 2 b 1 b 0 43 2 7 67 3 4 5 After steps 1 and 2, the variables i and carry are initialized. i0carry0 Next, steps 4-6 are repeated until the value of i > 3. Each repetition computes a single digit of c. c 4 c 3 c 2 c 1 c 0

18. A model for visualizing an algorithm’s behavior Algorithm Computer Input (keyboard) Output (screen) Variables

19. E.g., Visualizing Fig 1.2 m a 3 a 2 a 1 a 0 b 3 b 2 b 1 b 0 4 3 2 7 6 7 3 4 5 i0carry0 c 4 c 3 c 2 c 1 c 0 0 Get values for … … 8 Print value of … Computer Input (keyboard) Output (screen) 4 3276 7345

20. Another example: computing MPG (Fig 2.5) 0 Set response to “Yes” 1Repeat steps 2-10 until response = “No” 2 Get gallons, start, end 3 Set distance to end - start 4 Set mpg to distance ÷ gallons 5 Print mpg 6 if mpg > 25.0 then 7 print “You are getting good gas mileage” 8 else print “You are NOT getting good gas mileage” 9 Print “Do you want to do this again, Yes or No?” 10 Get response 11Stop

21. So, how does this work??? For example, suppose we use 25 gallons, beginning at 12000 and ending at 13000 on the odometer. Then, after step 2, some variables have the following values: responsegallons 12000 start Yes25 After step 4, the variables distance and mpg are computed. mpg40 Steps 5-9 displays these results on the output screen: 40 You are getting good gas mileage Do you want to do this again, Yes or No? end distance 13000 1000

22. Visualizing Fig 2.5 response end distance Yesgallons start mpg 0 Set response … … 11 Stop Computer Input (keyboard) Output (screen) 25 12000 13000

23. Summary Pseudocode –Get/print statements (input/output statements) –Conditional statements –Sequential statements –Loops Algoritms –Compute sum of two m-digit numbers –Compute miles-per-gallon

24. Over the weekend… 1. Get the textbook. 2. Read Chapter 1, 2.1 and 2.2 3. Discuss and solve the problems in the Lab 1 (in groups or individually). Lab 1 is due on Monday in class. If you have questions we’ll discuss them in class on Monday. 4.Bring a digital picture for the lab tomorrow. You will need it for your website.