1. Global Conference on “Taking Action for the World’s Poor and Hungry” Beijing, China Infrastructure and the Poorest by Kirit S. Parikh Member, Planning Commission Government of India Wednesday, the 17 th October, 2007

2. WELL BEING ILL BEING Needs Without Which One Suffers Adequate food : Hunger + Other needs : Consumption / income poverty + Good health And literacy to know of Opportunity : Poverty of human development + Public services and goods, Good governance : Capability/functional poverty + Ability to survive shocks social and environmental capital : Insecurity + Ability to invest for betterment : Hopelessness + Freedom, inclusion and empowerment : Lack of self respect Dimensions of Poverty/Deprivation/ Exclusion

3. India’s Progress in Many Dimensions of Poverty Persons poor Health Education Environment Access to modern goods and services Infrastructure Empowerment

4. Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line YearRuralUrban 1973-7456.449.0 2004-0528.325.7

5. Health Indicators YearLife Expectancy At Birth Infant Mortality/ 1000 Births 195132146 200162.560

6. Literacy Rate Census YearMalesFemalesPersons 195127.28.918.3 200175.954.265.4

7. Significant Progress but Disparities across classes and regions not reflected in the average numbers

9. Female Male Female

10. Indoor Air Pollution due Fuels in Rural India 96% of households use biomass energy, 11% use kerosene and 5% use LPG for cooking. Most of them use multiple fuels Forests contribute 39% of the fuel wood need 314 Mt of bio-fuels are gathered annually 85 million households spend 30 billion hrs. annually in fuel wood gathering

11. Burden of Dirty Fuels Respiratory symptoms are prevalent among 24 million adults of which 17 million have serious symptoms Adults suffering –16% from Bronchitis –5% from Bronchial asthma –8.2% from Pulmonary TB and –7% from Chest infection Risk of contracting respiratory diseases and eye diseases increases with longer duration of bio- fuels

12. Causes of Poverty Too little assets Too little access to public goods and services to get skilled and exploit opportunities Too little access to environment Too little rights INFRASTRUCTURE physical and social critical

13. Importance of Governance Local –Prices, Macro policy –Transfers –Institutions –Entitlements –Freedom Global –Flow of goods and services – WTO –Flow of knowledge – TRIPs –Flow of finance –Flow of people –Sharing global commons

14. Faster and More Inclusive Growth Strategy for Inclusive Development Education for All – for Empowerment –Sarva Siksha Abhiyan –Adult Literacy Campaign –SSA-2 for expanding reach of secondary education –High quality higher education –Modernisation of vocational education

15. Strategy for Inclusive Development… (contd.) Better Health, Expanding Capabilities –Rural Health Mission –Drinking Water –Sanitation Programme Infrastructure – Essential for Functioning –RGGVY (Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana) –PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana) –JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission –Telecom Connectivity

16. Strategy for Inclusive Development… (contd.) Expanding Opportunities & Bridging Divides –Growth, particularly agricultural growth, for employment opportunities –NREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) for immediate impact –RSVY to pull the backward

17. Inclusive Development Elementary Education –100% enrolment under SSA likely by 2006-07 –Drop-outs still high – 31% in 2003-04 –Teacher attendance and teaching quality poor –Local school management committees –SSA to include early childhood eduation (ECE) –Greater use of ICT especially for disadvantaged children

18. Inclusive Development… (contd.) Empowerment Through Education Secondary Education –Launch new mission SSA-2 upto Class X –Consider voucher system to enable poor to access private schools Vocational Education –ITIs to be expanded in numbers and skills taught –Financial & administrative autonomy given to ITIs –New initiatives in agricultural & agro-processing skills –Vocational training to be placed on par with secondary education regarding status and resources

19. Inclusive Development… (contd.) Empowerment Through Education Higher Education –Critical for ICT driven knowledge economy –Expand University system and Open education to increase access from 8% of age-group to 20% + –With quality faculty and greater autonomy –Increase budgetary support and raise fees Science & Technology –National Science & Technology Commission –Establish world class research facilities –Promote scientific research as career –Revamp service conditions of scientists

20. Inclusive Development…(contd.) Strategy for Better Health National Rural Health Mission –Special focus on 18 States –Integrated district plans for health including drinking water, sanitation and nutrition –Merger of programmes and pooling of resources –Appointment of ASHA in each village –Involvement of non-profit sector –Integration of Indian Systems of Medicine –Social and Community-based health insurance

21. Inclusive Development… (contd.) Strategy for Better Health Clean Water for All –Despite 95% coverage, large number of slip backs (2.8 lakhs) and serious quality problems (2.17 lakhs) –Need to move away from ground water to surface water sources –Emphasis on community owned & managed projects –States need to fully utilise 12 th Finance Commission funds Sanitation –Total sanitation campaign has increased coverage from 4% in 1988 to 35% at present –Subsidy only for BPL; greater focus on APL needed

22. Inclusive Development … (contd.) Rural Infrastructure Bharat Nirman: a fully centrally funded time- bound (2009) action plan for: –10 million ha of additional irrigation –All weather road connectivity to 66,802 habitations –60 lakh houses for rural poor –Drinking water supply to all uncovered habitations –Electricity to all un-electrified villages –Connect all remaining villages (66,802) with public telephones States should supplement by expanding coverage in coordinated manner

23. Ensuring Outcomes: The Challenges Main elements of the implementation strategy –Decentralisation –Financial Empowerment of PRIs –Stakeholder Participation –Accountability through Transparency, RTI & Internet –Civil Society Organsiations (CSOs) and Public Private Partnership –Offering Choice to People –Entitlements to Reduce Leakages

24. Thank You