1. 20/5/2009 | pag. 1 Base Flow

2. Base flow definition Base Flow Separation techniques Base Flow Programmes WHAT Application & Results Correlation Conclusion Contents

3. Definition Images of low-flow and base-flow in Virginia streams, Kappahunnouh County stream. Base flow—That part of the Stream discharge that is not attributable to direct runoff from precipitation or melting snow ;it is usually sustained by groundwater (AMS glossary).

4. Base flow – Base flow is the ground water contribution to streamflow. – Necessary to understand the hydrologic budgets of surface and ground water basins. – Provide a ground water discharge flow measurement for calibration of numerical models, (Yu and Schwartz 1999).

5. Baseflow separation Baseflow separation techniques –Graphical Separation techniques –Filtering Separation techniques

6. Graphical Separation Methods (1a) constant discharge method (1b) constant slope method (1c) concave method Estimating the point where the baseflow intersects the falling limb D = 0.827 A 0.2 ( Linsley et al, 1958). D Number of days between the storm crest and the end of quickflow A Area of the catchment in square kilometres

7. Filtering Separation Methods —Filtering methods tend not to have any hydrological basis (Nathan and McMahon, 1990). — Aim to generate an objective, repeatable and easily automated index that can be related to the baseflow response of a catchment. —The baseflow index (BFI) or reliability index, is commonly generated from this analysis. —It includes : Smoothed minima technique Fixed interval method Sliding-interval method Recursive digital filters

8. (Grayson et al, 1996; Chapman, 1999; Furey and Gupta, 2001

9. Filtering Separation Methods

10. Base FlowIndex (BFI) –BFI is a dimensionless ratio, developed by Lvovich (1979) and the Institute of Hydrology (1980). –BFI = the volume of base flow divided by the volume of total runoff for each year or for total period of record –This index can present some information about the proportion of the stream flow that originates from stored sources –The index can be calculated from stream flow data or estimated from basin geology

11. Base Flow Programs –HYSEP: Hydrograph Separation Program (Sloto, R.A., and Crouse, M.Y., 1996 ) http://water.usgs.gov/software/HYSEP/ –PART: A computerized method of base-flow-record estimation (Rutledge A T 2007) http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/part/ –BFI: A Computer Program for Determining an Index to Base Flow ( Wahl, K.L., and Wahl, K. L., 1995 ) –http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/twahl/bfi/http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/twahl/bfi/ –BASEFLOWHEC1 (Excel spreadsheet ) (Center for Research in Water Resources)Center for Research in Water Resources http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishydro03/LibHydro/libhydro/baseflow.htmhttp://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishydro03/LibHydro/libhydro/baseflow.htm. –WETSPRO (Excel spreadsheet) (Willems, 2009) ftp://bb50.bwk.kuleuven.be/hydr/patrick/programs –WHAT ( Lim et al 2005) http://cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu/~what/http://cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu/~what/, –RAP ( River Analysis Pacakge) ( Marsh et al 2003) http://toolkit.ewater.com.au/Tools/RAP\

12. WHAT ( Web based Hydrograph Analysis Tool)

14. 67 river gauging stations, each with 10 years or more daily discharge data. Application

15. Base Flow Separation Rummen/Melsterbeek L09_156 Total flow Q t = 1.09 m 3 /s Base flow Q b = 0.88 m 3 /s Base Flow Index (LMM)= 0.84 BFI (OPM)= 0.83 BFI (RDF)= 0.77

16. Correlation LMM OPM RDF LMMOPMRDF 0.79 0.84 0.95 0.79 0.84

17. Conclusion Hydrograph separation procedures are still, to a large extent, arbitrary (Nathan and McMahon, 1990; Chapman and Maxwell, 1996; Chapman, 1999; Eckhardt, 2005). It provide a repeatable methodology to derive objective measures or indexes related to a particular streamflow source. The filtering results will probably be influenced by the size of the considered catchment as well. The longer the travel time to the catchment outlet, the more runoff peaks are dispersed. (K. Eckhardt, 2005).

18. Conclusion Six software was tested on Korea, ( WHAT, PART, RORA, PULSE, BFI, and RAP ), the WHAT methods was the simplest and easiest to apply prediction stability. Overall, the WHAT-RDF method gave the most stable results over other methods (E A Combalicer et al., 2008). It always recommended to separate the Base flow with more than one method.