1. Chapter 8 Overview Programmed I/O Interrupt Driven I/O

2. Digressing How do you do the following in the LC-3 ? (good test question ?) Shift left Rotate left Shift right Rotate right

3. One Pass vs Two Pass Assemblers Two Pass – Checks for syntax errors and builds the Symbol Table during first pass, resolves operand addresses during second pass. One Pass – Checks for syntax errors, builds the Symbol Table, and resolves operand addresses during the first pass. So why have a two pass?

4. More than One Object (Load) File Symbol Table Symbols External Imports Addresses Start x3000 Number x300A Data Data x300D Value ? The “Linker/Loader” would generate another “global table to resolve Externals & Exports at Load time

5. Input / Output Memory Mapped I/O – A section of the memory address space is reserved for I/O Registers rather than general memory locations. Think of it as “pseudo” memory. The same instructions are used for general programming and I/O programming. Non-Memory Mapped I/O – There is a separate address space for I/O programming, and an entirely separate set of I/O Instructions.

6. LC-3 has Memory Mapped I/O LC-3 Memory Layout: x0000 – x00FF Trap vectors x0100 – x2FFF System Programs & Data x3000 – xFDFF User Programs Area xFE00 – xFFFF I/O Programming “Registers”

7. Synchronous vs Asynchronous I/O Synchronous – latest value of data could be expected to be available when the program wanted it. It might be periodically updated at a know frequency. This is not typical nor usually realistic for I/O. Asynchronous – computer is generally much faster than I/O so program must wait until requested data is available or data provided has been taken. “Handshaking” is used to ensure that data is available or I/O device is ready.

8. Polling vs Interrrupt Driven I/O Polling – program checks handshaking signals to find when data is available of device is done (typically a loop in the program) Interrupt – program initiates I/O and waits until data is available (typically goes to sleep until the operating system wakes the program up)

9. Keyboard Input Interface

10. Keyboard Input Registers KBDR: Assigned to xFE02 Data is in KBDR[7:0] Read only Register KBSR: Assigned to xFE00 Status is in KBSR[15] Set to “1” when new data is ready Cleared when data is read

11. Simple Program to Input from Keyboard START LDI R1, A ; Test for BRzp START ; character input LDI R0, B BRnzp NEXT_TASK ; Go to the next task A.FILL xFE00 ; Address of KBSR B.FILL xFE02 ; Address of KBDR

12. Monitor Output Interface

13. Monitor Output Registers DDR: Assigned to xFE06 Data is in DDR[7:0] DSR: Assigned to xFE04 Status is in DSR[15] Set to “1” when data is picked up Cleared when new data is written

14. Simple Program to Ouput to Monitor START LDI R1, A ; Test to see if BRzp START ; output register is ready STI R0, B BRnzp NEXT_TASK A.FILL xFE04 ; Address of DSR B.FILL xFE06 ; Address of DDR

15. LC-3 Memory Mapped I/O

16. Echo from Keyboard to Monitor START LDI R1, KBSR ; Test for character input BRzp START LDI R0, KBDR ECHO LDI R1, DSR ; Test output register ready BRzp ECHO STI R0, DDR BRnzp NEXT_TASK KBSR.FILL xFE00 ; Address of KBSR KBDR.FILL xFE02 ; Address of KBDR DSR.FILL xFE04 ; Address of DSR DDR.FILL xFE06 ; Address of DDR

17. The I/O Routine for the LC-3 Keyboard START ST R1,SaveR1 ; Save registers needed ST R2,SaveR2 ; by this routine ST R3,SaveR3 ; LD R2,Newline L1 LDI R3,DSR BRzp L1 ; Loop until Monitor is ready STI R2,DDR ; Move cursor to new clean line ; LEA R1,Prompt ; Starting address of prompt string Loop LDR R0,R1,#0 ; Write the input prompt BRz Input ; End of prompt string L2 LDI R3,DSR BRzp L2 ; Loop until Monitor is ready STI R0,DDR ; Write next prompt character ADD R1,R1,#1 ; Increment Prompt pointer BRnzp Loop ; Get next prompt character ; Input LDI R3,KBSR BRzp Input ; Poll until a character is typed LDI R0,KBDR ; Load input character into R0 L3 LDI R3,DSR BRzp L3 ; Loop until Monitor is ready STI R0,DDR ; Echo input character ; L4 LDI R3,DSR BRzp L4 ; Loop until Monitor is ready STI R2,DDR ; Move cursor to new clean line LD R1,SaveR1 ; Restore registers LD R2,SaveR2 ; to original values LD R3,SaveR3 BRnzp NEXT_TASK ; Do the program's next task ;

18. The I/O Routine for the LC-3 Keyboard (2) SaveR1.BKLW 1 ; Memory for registers saved SaveR2.BKLW 1 SaveR3.BKLW 1 DSR.FILL xFE04 DDR.FILL xFE06 KBSR.FILL xFE00 KBDR.FILL xFE02 Newline.FILL x000A ; ASCII code for newline Prompt.STRINGZ "Input a character>"

19. I/O Interrupts Requirements for a device to interrupt the processor The device must have the right to request service The I/O device must want service The device request must be at a higher priority than what is being done by the processor or is being requested by other devices The processor must be completed with the present instruction execution

20. Device(s) Generating Interrupt Request

21. Generating the LC-3 Interrupt Request

22. Servicing an Interrupt The following process is followed to service an interrupt The CPU enters the Supervisor State The “context” of the present program is saved (PC, PSW, SP) The device provides the address of location in the interrupt service routine table where the pointer to the service routine should reside. The Supervisor loads the address of the service routine into the PC The service routine is executed (ending with an RTI) The context of the original program is loaded and the original program resumed