1. PHY 231 1 PHYSICS 231 Lecture 21: Buoyancy and Fluid Motion Remco Zegers Walk-in hour: Tue 4-5 pm Helproom

2. PHY 231 2 Previously Solids: Young’s modulus Shear modulus Bulk modulus Also fluids P=F/A (N/m 2 =Pa) F pressure-difference =  PA  =M/V (kg/m 3 ) General: Pascal’s principle: a change in pressure applied to a fluid that is enclosed is transmitted to the whole fluid and all the walls of the container that hold the fluid.

3. PHY 231 3 Pascal’s principle Pascal’s principle: a change in pressure applied to a fluid that is enclosed is transmitted to the whole fluid and all the walls of the container that hold the fluid. HOLDS FOR A FLUID FULLY ENCLOSED ONLY

4. PHY 231 4 Pascal’s principle In other words then before: a change in pressure applied to a fluid that is enclosed in transmitted to the whole fluid and all the walls of the container that hold the fluid. P=F 1 /A 1 =F 2 /A 2 If A 2 >>A 1 then F 2 >>F 1. So, if we apply a small force F 1, we can exert a very large Force F 2. Hydraulic press demo

5. PHY 231 5 Pressure vs Depth Horizontal direction: P 1 =F 1 /A P 2 =F 2 /A F 1 =F 2 (no net force) So, P 1 =P 2 Vertical direction: F top =P atm A F bottom =P bottom A-Mg=P bottom A-  gAh Since the column of water is not moving: F top -F bottom =0 P atm A=P bottom A-  gAh P bottom =P atm +  gh

6. PHY 231 6 Pressure and Depth: P depth=h =P depth=0 +  gh Where: P depth=h : the pressure at depth h P depth=0 : the pressure at depth 0  =density of the liquid g=9.81 m/s 2 h=depth P depth=0 =P atmospheric =1.013x10 5 Pa = 1 atm =760 Torr From Pascal’s principle: If P 0 changes then the pressures at all depths changes with the same value.

7. PHY 231 7 A submarine A submarine is built in such a way that it can stand pressures of up to 3x10 6 Pa (approx 30 times the atmospheric pressure). How deep can it go?

8. PHY 231 8 Does the shape of the container matter? NO!!

9. PHY 231 9 Pressure measurement. The open-tube manometer. The pressure at A and B is the same: P=P 0 +  gh so h=(P-P 0 )/(  g) If the pressure P=1.01 atm, what is h? (the liquid is water) h=(1.01-1)*(1.0E+05)/(1.0E+03*9.81)= =0.1 m

10. PHY 231 10 Pressure Measurement: the mercury barometer P 0 =  mercury gh  mercury =13.6E+03 kg/m 3  mercury,specific =13.6

11. PHY 231 11 Pressures at same heights are the same P0P0 P=P 0 +  gh h P0P0 h h

12. PHY 231 12 Buoyant force: B h top h bottom P top =P 0 +  w gh top P bottom =P 0 +  w gh bottom  p=  w g(h top -h bottom ) F/A=  w g  h F=  w g  hA=  gV B=  w gV=M water g F g =w=M obj g If the object is not moving: B=F g so:  w gV=M obj g P0P0 - Archimedes (287 BC) principle: the magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

13. PHY 231 13 Comparing densities B=  fluid gV Buoyant force w=M object g=  object gV Stationary: B=w  object =  fluid If  object >  fluid the object goes down! If  object <  fluid the object goes up!

14. PHY 231 14 A floating object h A B w w=M object g=  object V object g B=weight of the fluid displaced by the object =M water,displaced g =  water V displaced g =  water hAg h: height of the object under water! The object is floating, so there is no net force (B=w):  object V object =  water V displaced h=  object V object /(  water A) only useable if part of the object is above the water!!

15. PHY 231 15 question ?? N 10N of water inside thin hollow sphere A hollow sphere with negligible weight if not filled, is filled with water and hung from a scale. The weight is 10 N. It is then submerged. What is the weight read from the scale? a)0 N b)5 N c)10 N d)20 N e)impossible to tell

16. PHY 231 16 An example ?? N 1 kg of water inside thin hollow sphere A) ?? N 7 kg iron sphere of the same dimension as in A) B) Two weights of equal size and shape, but different mass are submerged in water. What are the weights read out?

17. PHY 231 17 Another one An air mattress 2m long 0.5m wide and 0.08m thick and has a mass of 2.0 kg. A) How deep will it sink in water? B) How much weight can you put on top of the mattress before it sinks?  water =1.0E+03 kg/m 3

18. equation of continuity A1,1A1,1 A2,2A2,2 v1v1 v2v2 1 2 the mass flowing into area 1 (  M 1 ) must be the same as the mass flowing into area 2 (  M 2 ), else mass would accumulate in the pipe).  M 1 =  M 2  1 A 1  x 1 =  2 A 2  x 2 (M=  V=  Ax)  1 A 1 v 1  t =  2 A 2 v 2  t (  x=v  t)  1 A 1 v 1 =  2 A 2 v 2 if  is constant (liquid is incompressible) A 1 v 1 =A 2 v 2 x1x1 x2x2

19. PHY 231 19 Bernoulli’s equation W 1 =F 1  x 1 =P 1 A 1  x 1 =P 1 V W 2 =-F 2  x 2 =-P 2 A 2  x 2 =-P 2 V Net Work=P 1 V-P 2 V m: transported fluid mass same  KE=½mv 2 2 -½mv 1 2 &  PE=mgy 2 -mgy 1 W fluid =  KE+  PE P 1 V-P 2 V=½mv 2 2 -½mv 1 2 + mgy 2 -mgy 1 use  =M/V and div. By V P 1 -P 2 =½  v 2 2 -½  v 1 2 +  gy 2 -  gy 1 P 1 +½  v 1 2 +  gy 1 = P 2 +½  v 2 2 +  gy 2 P+½  v 2 +  gy=constant P: pressure ½  v 2 :kinetic Energy per unit volume  gy: potential energy per unit volume Another conservation Law

20. PHY 231 20 Moving cans P0P0 P0P0 Top view Before air is blown in between the cans, P 0 =P 1 ; the cans remain at rest and the air in between the cans is at rest (0 velocity) P 1 +½  v 1 2 +  gy 1 = P o P1P1 When air is blown in between the cans, the velocity is not equal to 0. P 2 +½  v 2 2 (ignore y) case: 1: no blowing 2: blowing

21. PHY 231 21 Applications of Bernoulli’s law: moving a cart No spin, no movement V air