1. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 1 CMPE 80N Winter 2004 Lecture 18 Introduction to Networks and the Internet

2. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 2 Announcements Fourth quiz on Monday, March 1 st. Third HTML discussion session today by Kiran (before class). Summary posted on the Web page. FINAL HTML discussion session by Debasree on Thu 3-4pm in BE 109. Quiz review session on Friday by Kiran in BE 354I from 4:45-5:45. –Practice quiz. In order to schedule a second review session, we will wait to hear from you first.

3. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 3 Networks and IP addressing 223.1.1.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.3 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9 223.1.2.2 223.1.2.1 223.1.3.2223.1.3.1 223.1.3.27 IP address: –Network part + Host part Network: –Any host can physically be reached by any other host without intervening router –All hosts in the same network have the same network number network consisting of 3 IP networks (for IP addresses starting with 223 (class C), first 24 bits are network address).

4. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 4 Routing Table (revisited) 223.1.1.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.3 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9 223.1.2.2 223.1.2.1 223.1.3.2 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.27 A B E Dest. Net. next router Nhops 223.1.1 0 223.1.2 223.1.1.4 1 223.1.3 223.1.1.4 1 routing table in A

5. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 5 223.1.1.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.3 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9 223.1.2.2 223.1.2.1 223.1.3.2 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.27 A B E Datagram from A to B: look up net. address of B find B is on same net. as A link layer will send datagram directly to B inside link-layer frame B and A are directly connected Dest. Net. next router Nhops 223.1.1 0 223.1.2 223.1.1.4 1 223.1.3 223.1.1.4 1 misc fields 223.1.1.1223.1.1.3 data Routing Example 1

6. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 6 223.1.1.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.3 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9 223.1.2.2 223.1.2.1 223.1.3.2 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.27 A B E Dest. Net. next router Nhops 223.1.1 0 223.1.2 223.1.1.4 1 223.1.3 223.1.1.4 1 Datagram from A to E: look up network address of E E on different network A, E not directly attached routing table: next hop router to E is 223.1.1.4 link layer sends datagram to router 223.1.1.4 inside link-layer frame datagram arrives at 223.1.1.4 continued….. misc fields 223.1.1.1223.1.2.2 data Routing Example 2

7. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 7 223.1.1.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.3 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9 223.1.2.2 223.1.2.1 223.1.3.2 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.27 A B E Arriving at 223.1.4, destined for 223.1.2.2 look up network address of E E on same network as router’s interface 223.1.2.9 router, E directly attached link layer sends datagram to 223.1.2.2 inside link-layer frame via interface 223.1.2.9 datagram arrives at 223.1.2.2!!! (hooray!) misc fields 223.1.1.1223.1.2.2 data network router Nhops interface 223.1.1 - 1 223.1.1.4 223.1.2 - 1 223.1.2.9 223.1.3 - 1 223.1.3.27 Dest. next Routing Example 2 (cont’d)

8. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 8 Internetwork Routing Internetworks are collections on networks. The Internet interconnects autonomous systems (ASs). Hierarchical structure. US backbone European backbone Regional network National network Transcontinental links Transcontinental links

9. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 9 Internetwork Routing 2-level hierarchy: –Routing within each network: interior gateway protocol. –Routing between networks: exterior gateway protocol. Within each network, different routing algorithms can be used. Each network is autonomously managed and independent of others: autonomous system (AS).

10. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 10 Internetwork Routing (cont’d) Typically, packet starts in its LAN. Gateway receives it (broadcast on LAN to “unknown” destination). Gateway sends packet to gateway on the destination network using its routing table.

11. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 11 The Internetworking Layer The Internet as a collection on networks or autonomous systems (ASs). Hierarchical structure. US backbone European backbone Regional network National network Transcontinental links Transcontinental links

12. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 12 The Internet Protocol: IP Glues Internet together. Common network-layer protocol spoken by all Internet participating networks. Best effort datagram service: –No reliability guarantees. –No ordering guarantees.

13. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 13 IP (cont’d) IP is responsible for datagram routing. Important: each datagram is routed independently! –Two different datagrams from same source to same destination can take different routes! –Why? –Implications?

14. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 14 IP (cont’d) IP provides a best effort delivery mechanism –Does not guarantee to prevent duplicate datagrams, delayed and out-of-order delivery, corruption of data or datagram loss Reliable delivery is provided by the transport layer, not the network layer (IP) Network layer (IP) can detect and report errors without actually fixing them

15. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 15 Datagrams Transport layer breaks data streams into datagrams which are transmitted over Internet, possibly being fragmented. When all datagram fragments arrive at destination, reassembled by network layer and delivered to transport layer at destination host.

16. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 16 IP Datagram Format IP datagram consists of header and data (or payload). Header: –20-byte fixed (mandatory) part. –Variable length optional part.

17. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 17 IP Versions IPv4: IP version 4. –Current, predominant version. –32-bit long addresses. IPv6: IP version 6. –Evolution of IPv4. –Longer addresses (16-byte long).

18. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 18 IP(v4) Header Format Header Payload

19. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 19 Encapsulation Revisited Each datagram is encapsulated within a data link layer frame –The whole datagram is placed in the data area of the frame. –The data link layer addresses for source and destination included in the frame header.

20. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 20 Encapsulation - Example

21. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 21 Encapsulation Across Multiple Hops Each router in the path from source to destination: –Decapsulates datagram from incoming frame. –Forwards datagram - determines next hop. –Encapsulate datagram in outgoing frame.

22. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 22 Encapsulation Across Multiple Hops - Example

23. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 23 Maximum Transfer Unit Each data link layer technology specifies the maximum size of a frame. –Called the Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU). Ethernet: 1,500 bytes. Token Ring: 2048 or 4096 bytes. What happens when large packet wants to travel through network with smaller MTU? Maximum payloads (data portion of datagram) range from 48 bytes (ATM cells) to 64Kbytes (IP packets).

24. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 24 MTU (cont’d) A possible solution: –The sender may limit the size of the datagrams to the MTU of the network –What if there are other networks in the path to destination with smaller MTU?

25. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 25 Fragmentation Another solution (used by IP): fragmentation. Gateways break packets into fragments to fit the network’s MTU; each sent as separate datagram. Gateway on the other side have to reassemble fragments into original datagram.

26. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 26 Keeping Track of Fragments Fragments must be numbered so that original data stream can be reconstructed. Define elementary fragment size that can pass through every network. When packet fragmented, all pieces equal to elementary fragment size, except last one (may be smaller). Datagram may contain several fragments.

27. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 27 Fragmentation - Example