1. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 1 CMPE 80N Winter 2004 Lecture 15 Introduction to Networks and the Internet

2. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 2 Announcements Quiz 3 on Friday, 02.13. Discussion session on Thu during Debasree’s office hours. –Test quiz. Kiran has office hours just before quiz. HTML session.

3. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 3 Circuit versus Packet Switching

4. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 4 Circuit Switching Physical copper connection set up when call is made Switching offices

5. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 5 C DDDD CC A D B C Packet Switching PayloadHeader This “pipe” represents the network as a whole, including links and routers.

6. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 6 The Internet Example of packet switching network!

7. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 7 Datagram and Virtual Circuit Packet switching networks can provide 2 different types of services to transport layer. –Virtual circuit. –Datagram.

8. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 8 Virtual Circuit Analogy to physical circuits used by telephone networks. At connection establishment time, path from source to destination is selected and used throughout connection lifetime. When connection is over, virtual circuit terminated.

9. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 9 Datagram No logical connection. Each packet (datagram) routed independently; successive packets may follow different routes. More work at intermediate routers, but more robust and adaptive to failures and congestion.

10. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 10 The Internet Datagram network! Datagrams are formed by header and payload. IP Datagrams can have different sizes –Header is fixed (20 bytes) –Data area can contain between 1 byte and 65 KB

11. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 11 Forwarding Datagrams Header contains all information needed to deliver datagrams to destination. –Destination address. –Source address. Router examines header of each datagram and forwards it along path to destination.

12. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 12 Routers For VCs, routers keep a table with (VC number, outgoing interface) entries. –Packets only need to carry VC number. For datagrams, routing table. –(destination, outgoing interface) entries. –Each packet must carry destination address.

13. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 13 Routing Algorithms Routing algorithm: decides which route a packet should take from source to destination. –For router: which interface a packet should be forwarded.

14. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 14 Routing Algorithms (cont’d) If datagram network, decision is made for every packet. If VC, decision is made only once when VC is setup.

15. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 15 Internetworking

16. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 16 Internetworking Interconnection of 2 or more networks forming an internetwork, or internet. –LANs, MANs, and WANs. Different networks mean different protocols. –TCP/IP, IBM’s SNA, DEC’s DECnet, ATM, Novell and AppleTalk.

17. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 17 Example Internetwork H R X.25 WAN R R SNA WAN 802.5 LAN R 802.3 LAN 802.3 LAN 802.3 LAN LAN-LAN LAN- WAN LAN-WAN- LAN Gateway: device connecting 2 or more different networks.

18. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 18 Gateways Repeaters/hubs: operate at physical layer (bits); amplify/regenerate signal. Routers: operate at network layer. Gateways: interconnect (different) networks.

19. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 19 How do networks differ? Service offered: datagram versus virtual circuit. Protocols: Ethernet, token ring, etc. Addressing: flat (802) versus hierarchical (IP). Maximum transmission unit. Etc…

20. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 20 Summary Main functions of the network layer: –Routing. –Forwarding. What is routing? –What does a routing algorithm do? –Different routes may exist. Forwarding. Switches and routers. –Switched network versus a network connecting a host to every other host directly.

21. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 21 Summary (cont’d) Switch internals. –Incoming and outgoing interfaces. Store and forward. –Queuing. Next-hop forwarding. Routing table. –What it is and what it is used for. –How to build one based on a given topology. –Role of hierarchical addresses.

22. CMPE 80N - Introduction to Networks and the Internet 22 Summary (cont’d) Circuit- versus packet switching. Packet switching. –Virtual circuit versus datagram. –What does the Internet use? –Implications to routers.