1. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) 1 Bipin Dangol, ENPHO Dorothee Spuhler, seecon international gmbh

2. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source! Copyright Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open- source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations. To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 You are free to: Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this document. Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using. Disclaimer The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations. Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided. Copyright & Disclaimer

3. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info 3 1.Water Quality and Safe Drinking Water 2.Concept and Need for HWTS 3.How it can optimise SSWM 4.Pros and Cons 5.Steps of HWTS including Advantages and Disadvantages Step 1 – Sedimentation Step 2 - Filtration Step 3 - Disinfection Step 4 - Safe Water Storage 6.HWTS Promotion in Nepal 7.References Contents

4. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info 4 1. Water quality and safe drinking water Chemical: Iron, Arsenic, Ammonia, Nitrate, Manganese, Lead, Etc. Physical: pH, Turbidity, Color, Taste & odor, TDS, EC, Etc. Bacteriological: Bacteria, Virus, Protozoa, Etc. Water Quality

5. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info 5 1. Water Quality and Safe Drinking Water Central treatment plants May be expensive & difficult to manage Possible contamination during distribution Household or Point-of-Use (PoU) treatment Inexpensive options are available Difficult to ensure proper use by all Drinking water treatment systems

6. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info 6 Source: ENPHO 2008 1. Water Quality and Safe Drinking Water Cross Contamination of Drinking Water

7. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info 7 Sanitation can reduce diarrhea by 32 % Hand washing with soap can reduce diarrhea by 45 % Safe water can reduce diarrhea by 39 % According to WHO & UNICEF – HWTS can pay back up to US$ 60 for every US$ 1 invested Source: WHO/UNICEF (2005) 2. Concept and Need for HWTS (source: WHO 2007) Dramatically improves microbial water quality Significantly reduces diarrhoea Among most effective water, sanitation and health interventions Highly cost effective Can be rapidly deployed and taken up by vulnerable populations

8. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Concept 8 Practice or process, not merely technology Process similar to centralised drinking water treatment system but at the household level Involves 4 main stages: Sedimentation Filtration Disinfection Safe water storage Safe Water Storage Source: CAWST (2009) 2. Concept and Need for HWTS

9. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info 9 3. How it can optimise SSWM Water purification at household level Safe drinking water during Point-of-Use (PoU) Very important component of household-level water management Contributes largely to improved public health Low cost and simple HWT options are available suiting local context of urban and rural settings

10. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Pros: Relatively inexpensive Independent from institutional set-up or centralised systems Deployed faster than community/centralised drinking water treatment and supply systems Improves microbial water quality and reduces contamination risk between treatment and use Wide range of simple, low-cost technologies are available 10 Cons: Difficult to monitor correct operation and maintenance (O&M) of technologies High self-responsibility required from households Each households should be provided with knowledge on O&M of the system Treated water may be lower quality than that offered by a well designed, operated and maintained community system 4. Pros and Cons

11. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Concept 11 Physical treatment process used to remove small particles, which make water cloudy 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 1 - Sedimentation

12. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 1: Pot Settling Disadvantages: Time intensive Removes only partially removes turbidity and pathogens Good settling requires multiple containers 12 Advantages: Low costs (for free, if container is already available) Simple and easy 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 1 - Sedimentation Source: CAWST (2009)

13. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 2: Coagulation and Flocculation 13 Coagulants 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 1 - Sedimentation Additives encourage settlement of suspended particles Forms larger particles which precipitate (fall to the bottom) Easily removed by settling or filtration Chemical coagulants: o PUR – Coagulation + Chlorination o Alum (aluminum sulphate) o PAC (poly aluminum chloride – liquid alum) o aluminum or iron salts – i.e. ferric sulphate Plant coagulants: o Moringa seeds o Cactus Cactus Source: Unknown PUR Source: Unknown

14. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 2: Coagulation and Flocculation Disadvantages: Time intensive Doesn’t remove all pathogens Coagulants may not available everywhere 14 Advantages: Low costs Simple and easy Traditional/indigenous practice Removes turbidity and some pathogens 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 1 - Sedimentation Alum block Source: http://: www.cdc.org [Accessed: 26.06.2010]www.cdc.org Moringa seeds Source: Unknown

15. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 1: Straining 15 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 2 - Filtration Source: IFRC, 2008 Up to 50 % reduction using eight layers of Sari cloth in Bangladesh (HUQ et al. 2010)

16. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 1: Straining 16 Disadvantages: Requires extra washing of cloth after use Cloth fibres loosen significantly the more they are used Cannot remove all bacteria and viruses Advantages: Low costs (free if extra cloths are available) Time required is minimal, simply the time it Takes to pour water through the cloth Simple and easy to reduce turbidity Known to reduce risk of cholera 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 2 - Filtration Source: IFRC, 2008

17. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 2: Biosand Filter Works mainly due to 4 mechanisms: 1. Mechanical trapping and sieving 2. Adsorption and attachment 3. Predation 4. Natural death (removes iron, turbidity, pathogens & odour) 17 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 2 - Filtration Source: A. DOUCET, (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biosand_F ilter_and_Canari.JPG [Accessed: 29.04.2010]http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biosand_F ilter_and_Canari.JPG Source: http://www.hydraid.org/sol/index.htm [Accessed: 29.04.2010]http://www.hydraid.org/sol/index.htm

18. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 2: Biosand Filter 18 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 2 - Filtration Source: CAWST (2009)) Source: ENPHO

19. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 2: Biosand Filter Advantages: Affordable - no ongoing cost Made from locally available materials Durable High user acceptability Simple and easy to use Can effectively treat 60-80 litres/day 19 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 2 - Filtration Disadvantages: Heavy, should not move after installation Turbidity should be less than 50 NTU Takes up to 30 days to develop the biological layer Filter must be used almost every day to maintain the biological layer

20. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 3: Ceramic Candle Filter Advantages: Made from locally available materials Easy to transport High user acceptability Simple and easy to use 20 Disadvantages: Slower flow rate (1.5-3.0 litres per hour) Breakable Need to be replaced when damaged Need to clean filter regularly if source water is dirty Can’t guarantee water is pathogen free 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 2 - Filtration Source: CAWST (2009) Source: Uknown

21. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 3: Colloidal Silver Filter Advantages: Low cost and looks beautiful Made from locally available materials Easy to transport High user acceptability Simple and easy to use High pathogen removal 21 Disadvantages: Slower flow rate (1.5-3.0 litres per hour) Not easily available everywhere Breakable Need to replace after 3 years Need to clean filter regularly if source water is dirty 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 2 - Filtration Source: ENPHO

22. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info 22 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 2 - Filtration Arsenic removal with improved Biosand Filters (Surface Complexation) Source: http://www.jolkona.org/blog/wp- content/uploads/2009/06/200801109.jpg [Accessed:30.09.2010]http://www.jolkona.org/blog/wp- content/uploads/2009/06/200801109.jpg The SONO Filter Meets WHO and Bangladesh standards Has no breakthrough Works without any chemical treatment (pre- or post-) Without regeneration Without producing toxic wastes Produces 20–30 L/hour for daily drinking and cooking needs of 1–2 families. Source: http://www.jalmandir.com/arsenic/sono/sono-arsenic-filter.html [Accessed: 30.09.2010]http://www.jalmandir.com/arsenic/sono/sono-arsenic-filter.html

23. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info 23 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 2 - Filtration Arsenic removal with improved Biosand Filters (Surface Complexation) The KANCHAN Filter Find out more on: http://www.cawst.org/e n/resources/pubs/sectio n/1-education-materials

24. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 1: Chemical disinfection – liquid chlorination Advantages: Provides residual chlorine for some protection against re-contamination Inexpensive Widely available in different countries Easy to transport Relatively quick Simple and easy to use 24 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 3 - Disinfection Source: Uknown

25. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 1: Chemical disinfection – Liquid Chlorination Disadvantages: Does not deactivate parasites like Guardia, Cryptosporidium and worm eggs Requires clear water to be most effective Risk of by-product formation if water has high organic content (i.e. surface waters) Taste is unacceptable to some users Need to wait 30 minutes Users require to purchase chlorine on a continuous basis 25 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 3 - Disinfection Source: CAWST (2009)

26. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 2: Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS) 26 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 3 - Disinfection PET (Polyethylene terephthalat) bottles or bags (1 to 2 litres) filled with low turbidity water and exposed to sun light Optical inactivation (UV-A radiation): o only slightly attenuated by clouds o turbidity reduces amount of UV radiation that penetrates water (  containers should not exceed depths of 10 cm) Thermal inactivation (infrared light): o increased water temperatures reduces required exposure time Exposure time: o 6 hours (bright to 50% cloudy sky) to 2 days (100% cloudy sky)

27. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 2: Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS) (adapted from http://www.sodis.ch/) 27 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 3 - Disinfection Step 1: Wash the bottle well the first time you use it Step 3: Expose the bottle to the sun from morning until evening for at least six hours Step 2: Fill up the bottle fully and close the lid well Step 4: The water is now ready for consumption

28. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 2: Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS) Advantages: Free if plastic bottles are reused Relies on renewable energy and reduces need for traditional energy Ideal to treat small quantities of water Does not change the taste of the water Bottles are convenient for safe water storage and transportation Simple and easy to use 28 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 3 - Disinfection

29. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 2: Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS) Disadvantages: Time-consuming (7 hours exposure) No residual effect Requires relatively clear water to be most effective (turbidity less than 30 NTU) Requires sufficient solar radiation, therefore depends on weather and climatic conditions Not useful to treat large volumes of water 29 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 3 - Disinfection

30. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Option 3: Boiling Disadvantages: Time-consuming Relies on traditional energy sources such as firewood (deforestation) and kerosene/gas, Linked to respiratory health issues caused by indoor air pollution Water often tastes flat (fizzy) 30 Advantages: Effectively kills most pathogens Does not change the taste of the water Simple and widely accepted 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 3 - Disinfection

31. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info 31 5. Steps of HWTS: Step 4 – Safe water storage Safe storage involves storing water in a suitable place using a clean and appropriate container For safe water storage, an appropriate container should have the following qualities: Strong and tightly fitting lid or cover Tap or narrow opening Stable base Durable Comfortable handle Allows air to enter as water is poured

32. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info 32 6. HWTS Promotion in Nepal GON initiated “National POU promotion campaign” in 2005 Intensive campaigns Set of Training materials o fact sheets o flex posters o flip chart o technical manual Mass media campaign: o TV Spot o radio jingles o poster Promotion of HWTS by Government of Nepal

33. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Strategy: Capitalise on the comparative advantages of the private and public sectors Build local capacity Strengthen supply chain Awareness campaigns 33 Private Public Partnership (PPP) Initiative 6. HWTS Promotion in Nepal

34. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info 34 Innovative Promotion 6. HWTS Promotion in Nepal

35. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info 35 7. References CAWST (2009): An Introduction to Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage, A CAWST Training Manual. Alberta: Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) Available at: http://www.cawst.org/en/resources/pubs/file/78-participant-manual-complete-eng [Accessed: 08.04.2010] CAWST (2009): Biosand Filter Manual, Design, construction, installation, operation and maintenance. Alberta: Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) Available at: http://www.cawst.org/assets/File/Biosand_Filter_%20Manual_Version_10_No_Appendices_Sep09.pdf [Accessed: 07.04.2010] CAWST (2009): Biosand Filter. (=Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet - Academic). Alberta: Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) Available at: http://www.cawst.org/en/resources/pubs/section/1-education-materials [Accessed: 01.04.2010] CAWST (2009): Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet Compilation (Academic). Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) Available at: http://www.cawst.org/en/resources/pubs/section/1-education-materials [Accessed: 01.04.2010] ENPHO (2010): Water Quality in Nepal: Compilation of WQ studies conducted by ENPHO with various agencies. ENPHO (2008): Water Quality Testing at five municipalities in Nepal. HUQ, A., YUNUS, M., SOHEL, S.S., BHUIYA, A., EMCH, M., LUBY, S.P., RUSSEK-COHEN, E., BALAKRISH NAIR, G., BRADLEY SACK, R., COLWELL, R.R. (2010): Simple Sari Cloth Filtration of Water Is Sustainable and Continues To Protect Villagers from Cholera in Matlab, Bangladesh. In: mbioasm, Volume 1, Issue 1. Available at: http://mbio.asm.org/content/1/1/e00034-10.abstract [Accessed: 29.10.2010] WHO (2007): Combating Waterborne Diseases at the Household Level. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) WHO/UNICEF (2005): Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Water for Life: Making it Happen. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO)

36. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) 36 “Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture” SSWM is an initiative supported by: Compiled by: