1. Homo erectus in Asia Pleistocene: 1.8 mya to 10,000 ya Both brains c. 650 cc Homo habilis Homo geogicus or erectus (?) Dmanisi, Republic of Geogia Skull 1

2. Dmanasi, Republic of Georgia In former Soviet Union Discovered in 2001 600 to 780 cc Skull 2 H. habilis

4. Early Archaic Homo sapiens Classification complex & unresolved Archaic H. sapiens appears c. 700,000 ybp Wide distribution, in the Old World Brow ridges prominent and arched Later forms have higher cranial vault and reduced tooth size. Mean brain size: 1,330 cc Mean brain size of H. erectus: 1,003 cc

6. Archaic Homo sapiens Prepared core technique

7.  A hypothetical phylogeny

8. Archaic Homo sapiens

9. archaic Homo sapiens sites

10. Archaic Homo sapiens with erectus-like features Petralona, Greece Kabwe, Zambia Bodo, Ethiopia Oldest of these three specimens = 500,000 ybp, Bodo, Ethiopia Homo heidelbergensis (to 700,000 ybp) Brain: 1300 cc

11. Constraints on brain size

12. Rotational change in orientation necessary