1. Plate Tectonics and Earth’s Interior

2. Pangea

3. Distribution of Late Paleozoic Fossils

4. Conventional Wisdom: Animals Migrated Across Land Bridges

5. Late Paleozoic Glaciation

6. Distribution of Ancient Mountain Belts

7. Patterns Fit, But Is It Possible? Tremendous amount of energy needed to move continents around the globe Tremendous amount of energy needed to move continents around the globe Wegener proposed that centrifugal force on the spinning Earth pushed continents from the south pole to the equator Wegener proposed that centrifugal force on the spinning Earth pushed continents from the south pole to the equator Modeling/simulation indicated that this would be insufficientModeling/simulation indicated that this would be insufficient Wegener proposed that the moving continents plowed through the oceans like an icebreaker Wegener proposed that the moving continents plowed through the oceans like an icebreaker Experiments indicated that oceanic rock is stronger than continental rock, and so oceans would have cut through the continentsExperiments indicated that oceanic rock is stronger than continental rock, and so oceans would have cut through the continents Continental Drift was a Model without a Mechanism!

8. Bathymetry of the Ocean Floor

10. Volcanoes of the World

11. Volcanoes Correlate Globally with Deep Earthquakes

12. Benioff Zone of Seismicity

13. Plate Tectonic Model

14. Tectonic Plates

15. Seismic Waves

16. Seismic Wave Velocities

17. Seismic Wave Paths S-WavesP-Waves

18. Layers Within Earth

19. Convection Cells and Plate Movements

20. Plate Tectonic Model

21. Differentiation: Basalt Partial melting of peridotite will form basaltic magma Partial melting of peridotite will form basaltic magma Basaltic magmas are formed from melting mantle due to upwelling heat

22. Differentiation: Andesite Partial melting of basalt will form an andesitic or granitic magma Partial melting of basalt will form an andesitic or granitic magma Andesitic magmas are formed from melting oceanic crust Subducting plate releases water (a flux) into mantle Magma pools under crust and partially melts the oceanic crust

23. Differentiation: Granite Partial melting of andesite will form granitic magma Partial melting of andesite will form granitic magma Granitic magmas are formed from melting of continental crust Subducting plate releases water (a flux) into mantle Magma pools under crust and partially melts the continental crust

24. Sources of Heat for Metamorphism Heat from Earth’s interior Heat from Earth’s interior Geothermal gradient is the increase in temperature with depth Geothermal gradient is the increase in temperature with depth Typical continental geothermal gradient is 25- 30°C/kmTypical continental geothermal gradient is 25- 30°C/km Volcanically active areas have geothermal gradients of 30- 50°C/kmVolcanically active areas have geothermal gradients of 30- 50°C/km Oceanic trenches have geothermal gradients as low as 5-10°C/kmOceanic trenches have geothermal gradients as low as 5-10°C/km