1. ISYS 263 Introduction to Information Systems David Chao

2. Information Technology Support day-to-day business operations Create innovative ways of doing business –Example: Travel Searching for flights, hotels –Yahoo Travel, Expedia Making reservations –United Airelines- http://www.united.com/ –Select your seats –Web check-In Mobile check-in with web-enabled mobile phones : –http://www.cathaypacific.com/cpa/en_INTL/manageyourtrip/m obileservices/mobilecheckinhttp://www.cathaypacific.com/cpa/en_INTL/manageyourtrip/m obileservices/mobilecheckin –Save your check-in confirmation with the barcode on your mobile device

3. Supermarket Smart Cart Stop & Shop, a chain based in the Boston area, is seeking to change the whole way we shop for groceries — including the dreaded check-out lane. –Shopping Buddy: a wireless touch-screen device that is attached to a shopping cart and scans items placed in the cart by shoppers. –IBM Everywhere Display: Beamed from the supermarket ceiling, this device transforms surface into an interactive computer. In a supermarket, you will be likely to confront it on the floor, where you can access information by tapping your foot on the display. Video: h ttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/5465603#5465603 h ttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/5465603#5465603 Website: http://www.stopandshop.com

4. IT and Daily Life Entertainment Communication Social networking

5. Information Age Information Age/society: –the majority of workers are involved in the creation, distribution, and application of information. –Knowledge worker President Obama’s website: –http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president_obama/ –http://twitter.com/barackobama –Businesses depend on information technology to get their work done.

6. Digital Entrepreneur People who develop new technologies. –Search engines, map, browser, etc. People who use the technologies innovatively. –Netflix http://www.netflix.com/

7. Why study information systems? An end-user perspective –Enhance personal productivity, and the productivity of their work groups and department. –Increase your opportunities for success: be aware of the management problems and opportunities presented by the information technology.

8. Why study information systems? An enterprise perspective: Information systems play a vital role in the success of an enterprise. –Efficient operations –Effective management –Competitive advantage

9. Business Are Becoming Internetworked Enterprises The internet and Internet-like networks (intranets and extranets) have become the primary information technology infrastructure that supports the business operations of many organizations. Electronic commerce: –The buying and selling, and marketing and servicing of products, services, and information over a variety of computer networks. Globalization: –Global markets, global production facilities, global partners, global competitors, global customers.

10. The Role of Information Systems in Business Today Information Technology Capital Investment Information technology investment, defined as hardware, software, and communications equipment, grew from 34% to 50% between 1980 and 2004. Source: Based on data in U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts, 2006.

11. Techies might finally be able to move into top management More Chief Information Officers (CIOs) are reporting directly to CEOs. More CIOs are being included on management committees. In a recent survey of executives at capital market firms, 89% believed that technology managers would assume greater responsibilities.

12. Course Introduction IT – Introduction to information technology –Computer hardware, software, network IS – Introduction to information systems –Information system components –Types of information systems –Social impact of information systems PC – personal computing –Problem solving techniques expression, problem solving using functions, decision, etc. spreadsheet design –Introduction to database –Internet techniques Creating web pages

13. Computer-Based Information Systems A set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information.

14. Data, Information, and Knowledge Data –Raw facts Information –Collection of facts organized in such a way that they have meaningful, and useful interpretation of data. Process –Set of logically related tasks Knowledge –Awareness and understanding of a set of information –Insight of a subject matter.

15. Data, Information, and Knowledge (continued)

17. Raw data from a supermarket checkout counter can be processed and organized to produce meaningful information, such as the total unit sales of dish detergent or the total sales revenue from dish detergent for a specific store or sales territory. Data and Information

18. The Value of Information Directly linked to how it helps decision makers achieve their organization’s goals Valuable information –Can help people and their organizations perform tasks more efficiently and effectively

19. Hardware Input devices CPU and primary storage –RAM – Random Access Memory –Processor Control Unit - decoder Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU) Output devices Secondary storage devices Communication devices

20. Computer System Concept

21. Types of Main Memory Random access memory (RAM) –Temporary and volatile Read-only memory (ROM) –Nonvolatile –Provides permanent storage for data and instructions that do not change Cache memory –High-speed memory that a processor can access more rapidly than main memory

22. Multiprocessing –Simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time Coprocessor –Examples: math coprocessor, graphics coprocessor Multicore microprocessor –Combines two or more independent processors into a single computer –Example: Intel Dual Core processor

23. Parallel Computing Parallel computing –Simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors to obtain results faster Massively parallel processing –Systems with thousands of such processors Grid computing –Use of a collection of computers to work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem

24. Secondary Storage Devices Offers the advantages of nonvolatility and greater capacity –Magnetic tapes –Magnetic disks –RAID –Optical disks –Digital video disk (DVD)

25. RAID RAID (Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks): –Arrays of disk drives that provides a fault tolerant capability by storing multiple copies of data on several disks. Mirroring

26. Storage Tradeoffs 3-26

27. Storage Network Storage Area Network, SAN: –A storage area network is an architecture to attach remote computer storage devices to servers in such a way that the devices appear as locally attached to the operating system.

28. Newer Input Devices Speech-recognition technology Scanning devices Optical data readers Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices Magnetic stripe card Point-of-sale devices Radio frequency identification (RFID)

29. Radio Frequency Identification RFID is a system for tagging and identifying objects. –Antenna to send and receive signals. –RFID reader Applications: –An alternative to bar code Supermarket –Tracking objects

30. A few interesting RFID applications –RFID tags help you to choose clothes http://blogs.zdnet.com/emergingtech/?p=719 –Ford embeds RFID tech into new trucks and vans http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do ?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9061580 &intsrc=hm_listhttp://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do ?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9061580 &intsrc=hm_list –Digital watermark to prevent counterfeit: http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800492623_480800 _NP_6d6f04ae.HTMhttp://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800492623_480800 _NP_6d6f04ae.HTM –Others: http://www.rfidexchange.com/

31. RFID

32. Types of Computer Systems Micro/Minicomputers –Personal computing, workstation,network server. –Departmental and workgroup systems, network server, workstation. Mainframes –Speed: MIPS million instructions per second 26 MIPS to about 17,801 MIPS –Enterprisewide systems –for organizations have to deal with huge amounts of data. Giga-record or tera-record files are not unusual. –Data mining and warehousing Supercomputers –Speed: Floating-point operations per second 20 peta flops –Supercomputers are often purpose-built for one or a very few specific institutional tasks (E.g. Simulation and Modeling). –Scientific calculations Networked computer systems –WAN, LAN, PAN

33. Personal Area Network A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one person. The devices may or may not belong to the person in question. The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters. BlueTooth: It is an industrial specification for wireless PANs. Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras and video game consoles via a short-range radio frequency.

34. Data Center Google, Microsoft Data Center –Petabytes of storage –Data Center Containers: http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/catego ry/technology/containers/ –Global locations: http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2008/ 03/27/google-data-center-faq/http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2008/ 03/27/google-data-center-faq/ Tour: –Google: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRwPSFpLX8I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRwPSFpLX8I –Microsoft: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPnoKb9fTkA

35. Where to put data center? The cost of electric power, labor, taxes and land are key factors when choosing a data center location. –http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/30080 9/Low_Cost_Locations?taxonomyId=155&ints rc=kc_feat&taxonomyName=servers –http://news.idg.no/cw/art.cfm?id=6ECF9E56- 17A4-0F78-31EAB0750688E73E#

36. Moore’s Law A doubling in the number of transistors per integrated circuit every 18 to 24 months –Originally observed in 1965, it holds true today Common corollary of Moore’s Law… –Computing prices will be cut in half every 18 to 24 months –This has been consistently accurate –Applies to cost of storage as well

37. Software System software –Set of programs that coordinates the activities and functions of hardware and programs –Operating system Application software –Helps users solve particular problems –University’s registration system Application development software

38. Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals (continued)

39. Operating system functions –User interface: Allows individuals to access and command the computer system Command interface GUI –Resource management (managing hardware) –Task management (managing the accomplishment of tasks) –File management (managing data and program files) –Utilities (providing a variety of supporting services)

40. Current Operating Systems (continued)

41. Linux and Open Source A Linux system is sometimes referred to as GNU/Linux. –GNU – free software Linux has been more widely ported to different computing platforms than any other operating system. Linux is the most prominent example of free software and of open source development. Its underlying source code is available for anyone to use, modify, and redistribute freely, and in some instances the entire operating system consists of free/open source software.

42. Free Software: http://www.gnu.org/ “Free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free speech”, not as in “free beer”. Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it refers to four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software: The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0). The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2). The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.

43. Open-Source Software

44. Operating Systems for Mobile Devices Mobile devices: –Pocket PC/PDA –Smartphones –Portable media center Smartphone Operating systems, the most important software in any smartphone: http://communication.howstuffworks.com/smartphone2.htm –Windows Mobile, Windows CE –Palm OS –Symbian OS for Nokia –iOS for iPhone/iPad –Android for Google phone

45. Virtualization Virtualization is a technology that makes it possible to run multiple operating systems and multiple applications on the same computer at the same time, increasing the utilization and flexibility of hardware. –Average server utilization rate – 10% Reduce costs Green computing A virtual machine is a software container that can run its own operating systems and applications as if it were a physical computer. A virtual machine behaves exactly like a physical computer and contains its own virtual (ie, software-based) CPU, RAM hard disk and network interface card (NIC). An operating system can’t tell the difference between a virtual machine and a physical machine, nor can applications or other computers on a network. Vendors: VMware, Parallels, etc.

46. Programming Languages Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements –By which humans can communicate instructions to be executed by a computer Program code –Set of instructions that signal the CPU to perform circuit-switching operations Syntax –Set of rules associated with a programming language

47. The Evolution of Programming Languages

48. Application development software High level language –third generation: Java, VB.Net, C++, COBOL, etc. –fourth generation Word processing, desktop publishing, spreadsheet, database management, graphic presentation, etc. –MS Office –OpenOffice.Org »http://www.openoffice.org/

49. Compiler Translator: Translate the source program to machine executable code. Interpreter: Translate one command at a time. –JavaScript

50. The Evolution of Programming Languages (continued)

51. Object-oriented development tools –Graphical user interface –Component programming –Event-driven programming –Code generator/Wizard Object example: –Excel’s cell, chart Object-oriented tool example: VB.Net Java

52. Three approaches to acquire application software Build proprietary application software Buy existing programs off the shelf Use a combination of customized and off- the-shelf application software

53. Portability Java: Write Once Run Anywhere Java Source Code Java Byte Code (Intermediate Code) Java Byte Code Java Virtual Machine (JVM) Executable Code

54. .Net Architecture Common Language Runtime Base Class Library Data and XML ASP.Net Windows Forms Common Language Specification VB.NetC#/J#C++

55. Microsoft’s.Net Language must compliance with Common Language Specification, CLS. Compile the language into Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) code. The MSIL code is then executed in the Common Language Runtime (CLR), which conceptually is same as the JVM, where it is translated into machine code by a compiler. Microsoft.Net is a server-side technology. It runs on any servers that implement the.Net system.

56. Software as a Service, SaaS SaaS is a model of software deployment where an application is hosted as a service provided to customers across the Internet. –SaaS alleviates the customer's burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support. no upfront investment in software development –Conversely, customers relinquish control over software versions or changing requirements; –Costs to use the service become a continuous expense, rather than a single expense at time of purchase.

57. What is cloud computing? Cloud computing is a style of computing in which computing resources are provided as a service over the Internet. Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure in the "cloud" that supports them. Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ae_DKNwK_ms &eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpardalis.squarespace.com %2F&feature=player_embedded

58. Companies Offer SaaS SalesForce.com: –http://www.salesforce.com/ Workday: –http://www.workday.com/index.php Google Apps: –Google Docs: –Demo:http://www.google.com/apps/intl/en/busine ss/collaboration.html#docs –Login: docs.google.com Microsoft WindowsLive

59. Examples of Cloud Computing SaaS Utility computing Companies such as Amazon.com, Sun, and IBM, now offer storage and virtual servers that others can access on demand. Platform as a service, PaaS This form of cloud computing delivers development environments as a service. You build your own applications that run on the provider's infrastructure and are delivered to your users via the Internet from the provider's servers. –Mainframe, Linux, Windows Server, etc. Service commerce platforms: software personal assistant. This cloud computing offers a service hub that users interact with: http://www.reardencommerce.com/

60. Who owns the data? Privacy: http://venturebeat.com/2009/02/17/is-facebook-really- using-its-new-terms-of-service-to-own-your-data / http://venturebeat.com/2009/02/17/is-facebook-really- using-its-new-terms-of-service-to-own-your-data / Security: http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/Pinning-Down- Enterprise-Data-Security-in-the-Cloud-67093.html?wlc=1252360837 http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/Pinning-Down- Enterprise-Data-Security-in-the-Cloud-67093.html?wlc=1252360837 Top reasons why big businesses are reluctant to adopt SaaS : http://www.executivebrief.com/blogs/the-pros-and- cons-of-saas-part-2 /

61. Information technology provides the means to rethink/recreate/reengineer conventional business processes. –Business Processes: Collections of activities, often spanning several departments, that take one or more kinds of input and create a result that is of value to a company’s customers. –Reengineering: The reshaping of business processes to remove barriers that prohibit an organization from providing better products and services and to help the organization capitalize on its strengths. IT and Business Process Reengineering

62. New products, services, and business models: –Business model: describes how company produces, delivers, and sells product or service to create wealth –Information systems and technology a major enabling tool for new products, services, business models E.g. Netflix’s Internet-based DVD rentals IT and New Business Model