1. Frequency Response Frequency Response of R, L and C Resonance circuit Examples Lecture 21. Frequency Response 1

2. 2 Transfer Function Recall that the transfer function, H(s), is The transfer function can be shown in a block diagram as The transfer function can be separated into magnitude and phase angle information H(j  ) = |H(j  )|  H(j  ) H(j  ) = H(s) X(j  ) e j  t = X(s) e st Y(j  ) e j  t = Y(s) e st

3. 3 Variable-Frequency Response Analysis As an extension of AC analysis, we now vary the frequency and observe the circuit behavior Graphical display of frequency dependent circuit behavior can be very useful Frequency Response of an Audio Amplifier

4. 4 Frequency Response of a Resistor Consider the frequency dependent impedance of the resistor, inductor and capacitor circuit elements Resistor (R):Z R = R  0° –So the magnitude and phase angle of the resistor impedance are constant, such that plotting them versus frequency yields Magnitude of Z R (  ) Frequency R Phase of Z R (°) Frequency 0°

5. 5 Frequency Response of an Inductor Inductor (L):Z L =  L  90° –The phase angle of the inductor impedance is a constant 90°, but the magnitude of the inductor impedance is directly proportional to the frequency. Plotting them vs. frequency yields (note that the inductor appears as a short circuit at dc) Magnitude of Z L (  ) Frequency Phase of Z L (°) Frequency 90°

6. 6 Frequency Response of a Capacitor Capacitor (C):Z C = 1/(  C)  –90° –The phase angle of the capacitor impedance is –90°, but the magnitude of the inductor impedance is inversely proportional to the frequency. Plotting both vs. frequency yields (note that the capacitor acts as an open circuit at dc) Magnitude of Z C (  ) Frequency Phase of Z C (°) Frequency -90°

7. 7 Poles and Zeros The transfer function is a ratio of polynomials The roots of the numerator, N(s), are called the zeros since they cause the transfer function H(s) to become zero, i.e., H(z i )=0 The roots of the denominator, D(s), are called the poles and they cause the transfer function H(s) to become infinity, i.e., H(p i )= 

8. 8 RLC Resonance Circuits R C + – vc(t)vc(t) +– vr(t)vr(t) L +– vl(t)vl(t) i(t)i(t) +–+– The denominator of the transfer function is known as the characteristic equation To find the poles, we solve : which has two roots: s 1 and s 2

9. 9 RLC Resonance Circuits - Resonance Frequency - BW=bandwidthBW

10. 10 Quality Factor (Q) The quality factor is a measure of the sharpness of the resonance peak; the larger the Q value, the sharper the peak, where BW=bandwidth An energy analysis of a RLC circuit provides a basic definition of the quality factor (Q) that is used across engineering disciplines, specifically

11. 11 Bandwidth (BW) The bandwidth (BW) is the difference between the two half-power frequencies BW = ω HI – ω LO =  0 / Q Hence, a high-Q circuit has a small bandwidth Note that:  0 2 = ω LO ω HI

12. 12 Quality Factor: RLC Circuits For a series RLC circuit the quality factor is For a parallel RLC circuit, the quality factor is

13. 13 Class Examples Drill Problems P9-3, P9-4, P9-5