1. Employee Retention, Engagement, and Careers10
Employee Retention, Engagement, and Careers
Chapter 10 offers some good advice and tools for managing careers. We will discuss building effective communications through fair treatment programs and employee discipline. In addition we will discuss proper handling of dismissals and separations, including retirement.
In recent years, many employees from the “baby boom” generation have taken early retirement. However, experts believe the next generation will have to work longer than they would wish in order to fund those who are retiring now. 
Pending Talent crisis - Management will need to find ways to stimulate career interests of older employees to keep them motivated and productive. Many issues around the older worker:
e.g. in some areas higher h & s risk; greater health issues; greater social issues, eg. Grief.
Firms also will need to find ways to ease labor shortages by attracting those to return who already have retired.  Let’s discuss these and other issues.
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2. Learning Objectives
Describe a comprehensive approach to retaining employees.
Explain why employee engagement is important, and how to foster such engagement.
Discuss what employers and supervisors can do to support employees’ career development needs.
By the time we have finished this chapter you will be able to:
Describe a comprehensive approach to retaining employees.
Explain why employee engagement is important, and how to foster such engagement.
Discuss what employers and supervisors can do to support employees’ career development needs.
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3. Learning Objectives
List and discuss the four steps in effectively coaching an employee.
List the main decisions employers should address in reaching promotion decisions.
In addition, you will be able to:
List and discuss the four steps in effectively coaching an employee.
List the main decisions employers should address in reaching promotion decisions.
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4. Managing Employee Turnover and Retention
Costs of turnover
Managing voluntary turnover
Reducing voluntary turnover
Voluntary Turnover and limited tenure is an expensive cost for organizations.
There are tangible and intangible costs associated with turnover. What do you think are the tangilbe costs?
Tangible
Cost of recruitment and selection
Cost of training
Cost of onboarding to efficiency
Productivity costs
Intangible
Low morale
Stress on other employees
Voluntary turnover if high proportion around 6 months there is typically something wrong within your organisation and culture e.g. leadership. If turnover at 2 years is to be expected but try to keep them for longer. Increase average tenure to 3 years, as it will take 9-12months for employee efficiency and return investment at 18months, by 2 years returning investment to the organisation.
Reducing turnover requires identifying and managing the reasons for both voluntary and involuntary turnover.
Voluntary turnover occurs for many reasons. Top reasons include job dissatisfaction, poor pay or health-care benefits, few promotional opportunities, and inadequate work-life balance.
Any retention strategy begins with identifying the specific causes of turnover within a particular company.
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5. comprehensive approach to retaining employees.
Describe a
comprehensive approach
to retaining employees.
Experts from a top consulting company suggest building comprehensive retention programs around the steps below.
Using effective selection techniques
Offering professional growth opportunities
Providing career direction
Offering meaningful work and
Encouraging ownership of goals
Satisfying roles
Leaders who show that they value employees – this is the key reason why employees leave.
Let’s discuss these in a bit more detail.
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6. A Comprehensive Approach to Retaining Employees
Selection
Professional growth
Provide career direction
Meaningful work and ownership of goals
Remember, “retention starts up front, in the selection and hiring of the right employees.” The process begins with a thorough understanding of the jobs to be filled. It includes a solid job analysis and an effective and efficient hiring process.
Very important when recruitment to be realistic about the job and opportunities, do not over state the-position as this will lead to an incorrect expectation and disappointment.
Professional growth is a well-thought-out training and career development program that can provide a strong incentive for staying with the company.
Providing career direction means discussing employee’s career preferences and prospects at your firm, and helping them lay out potential career plans. Furthermore, “don’t wait until performance reviews to remind top employees how valuable they are to your company.”
An important part of retaining employees is making it clear what your expectations are regarding their performance and responsibilities. This helps employees “own” their behaviors and results. A job is meaningful if the incumbent understands its relationship to the company goals and sees his or results as part of the bigger picture. Understanding the purpose of the role is the most important part of improving job satisfaction.
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7. A Comprehensive Approach to Retaining Employees
Recognition and rewards
Culture and environment
Promote work–life balance
Acknowledge achievements
Other key retention elements are recognizing and rewarding performance, learning the culture and environment, promoting work-life balance, and acknowledging achievements.  
We’ve seen that in addition to pay and benefits, employees need and appreciate recognition for a job well done.
With respect to culture and environment, companies that are very tense and “political” may prompt employees to leave. Companies that help employees feel comfortable increase the likelihood that top performers will stay.
Balancing work and life remains an important part of retaining valued employees. In one survey, workers identified “flexible work arrangements” and “telecommuting” as the two top benefits that would encourage them to choose one job over another.
Finally, when employees feel underappreciated, they’re more likely to leave. Surveys suggest that frequent recognition of accomplishments is an effective nonmonetary reward. Such recognition is likely to be helpful even though some recipients may state they don’t need a sincere “thank you.”
It is important that organisation develop their leaders to ensure that they treat staff well, engage and develop them.
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8. Job Characteristics Model
Oldham and Hackman (1975)
A job is made up of 5 dimensions
Skill variety
Task identity
Task significance
Autonomy
Feedback from the job
5 basic dimensions or characteristic of the job are propose to affect an individual’s psychological states and ultimately lead to changes in satisfaction.
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9. Job Characteristics Model
Skill variety – degree job has a variety of tasks and uses employees skills.
Task identity – job follows from start to end – completes.
Task significance – task has meaning and importance.
5 basic dimensions or characteristic of the job are propose to affect an individual’s psychological states and ultimately lead to changes in satisfaction.
The first three dimensions affect the individuals perception of the job as meaningful.
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10. Job Characteristics Model
4. Autonomy – job allows freedom/discretion.
5. Feedback from the job – job has built in mechanisms by which individual gets information about work effectiveness.
5 basic dimensions or characteristic of the job are propose to affect an individual’s psychological states and ultimately lead to changes in satisfaction.
The 4th dimension autonomy affects feelings of responsibility.
Feedback affects knowledge of results.
Overall these operate to bring about job satisfaction.
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11. A Comprehensive Approach to Retaining Employees
Managing involuntary turnover
Talent management and employee retention
Job withdrawal – psychological contract
Involuntary turnover is inevitable. When jobs are restructured or when competitive or economic pressures necessitate reductions in the workforce an employer will let some employees go. However, dismissals due to poor performance sometimes are avoidable as well.
Poor performance and involuntary turnover can be managed by reviewing and improving:
Recruitment
Selection
Training
Appraisal
Compensation/incentive plans
Firms that take a talent management approach to retaining employees focus their efforts on the company’s mission-critical employees.
Job withdrawal is any action which places physical or psychological distance between the employee and the organization (psychological contract). It’s a means of escape for someone who is dissatisfied or fearful. Managing the almost limitless reasons an employee can become dissatisfied requires a complete and effective human resource system.
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12. Review Selection Professional growth Career direction
Meaningful work/ownership
Recognition and rewards
Selection is the beginning of an effective career development process. Ensuring each employee has an opportunity for growth and an understanding of possible professional directions provides a sense of security and empowerment. Working with employees in establishing goals for meaningful work helps ensure ownership. A reward and recognition system that supports goals will be meaningful both to the employer and the employee.
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13. Review Culture and environment Work–life balance Involuntary turnover
Talent management and employee retention
Job withdrawal
Establishing a culture and reinforcing the firm’s environment will maintain a well-functioning system so all will know “how we get things done around here”.
Balancing work with other aspects of life remains an important element to retaining employees.
Involuntary turnover is inevitable but can be managed to reduce negative impact on the organization.
Firms that take a talent management approach to retaining employees focus their efforts on the company’s mission-critical employees.
Finally, job withdrawal is usually a result of employees becoming fearful or dissatisfied.
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14. Why Employee Engagement is Important and Fostering such Engagement
Engagement refers to being psychologically involved in, connected to, and committed to getting one’s job done.
Poor attendance, voluntary turnover, and psychological withdrawal often reflect diminished employee engagement.
Let’s discuss.
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15. Employee Engagement Importance Fostering Monitoring
Employee engagement is an important topic. Many employee behaviors, including turnover, reflect the degree to which employees are “engaged.” One survey concluded that companies with highly engaged employees have 26% higher revenue per employee.
Actions that help ensure engagement include making sure employees understand how their departments contribute to the company’s success. In addition, employees should see how their own efforts contribute to achieving the company’s goals. Finally, employees should get a sense of accomplishment from working at the firm.
Empowering employees is vitally important you do this by developing employees to own their jobs, their actions and to be leaders in their work in a team – enablement is key. Holocracy – distributed leadership is very important.
Monitoring employee engagement needn’t be complicated. A simple survey may do the job. Gallup is a common survey, undertake yearly. Richard Baretts tool is another culture engagement tool. Coach managers to develop employees and improve on scores.
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16. Employee Engagement What is a Career? Careers today
Psychological contract
The employee’s role
We may define a career as the “occupational positions a person has had over many years.”
Recessions, mergers, outsourcing, consolidations, and seemingly continuous downsizing have changed the ground rules. More often employees find themselves having to reinvent themselves to remain productive in the workforce.
What the employer and employee expect of each other is part of what psychologists call a psychological contract. The psychological contract identifies each party's mutual expectations.
As in other parts of life, an individual must accept responsibility for his/her own career. He or she should assess his/her own interests, skill, and values. Finally, the employee must take the steps required to ensure a happy and fulfilling career. One of these steps is finding a mentor who can be a sounding board. Mentoring programs can be informal or formal.
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17. Review Employee engagement Career terminology Careers today
Psychological contract
The employee’s role
As far as employee engagement is concerned, many employee behaviors, including turnover, reflect the degree to which employees are “engaged.”
Monitoring employee engagement needn’t be complicated. A simple survey may do the job.
We can define a career as the “occupational positions a person has had over many years.” Today, employees often find themselves having to reinvent themselves.
A psychological contract is what the employer and employee expect of each other.
Finally, as in other parts of life, an individual must accept responsibility for his/her own career.
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18. Discuss what employers and supervisors can do to
support employees’ career development needs.
While each individual employee may have different interests and career aspirations, employers and managers should provide career development support and training. Let’s discuss these important concepts in more detail.
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19. The Employer’s Role in Career Management
Career Management Systems
Career centers and workshops
Lifelong learning
Career coaches
Online programs
Career-oriented appraisals
Gender Issues
The Manager’s Role
Employers can support career development efforts in many ways. The means for helping to further an employee’s career depend on the length of time the employee has been with the firm.
Career development systems needn’t be complicated. Receiving performance feedback and individual development plans can make an enormous difference in employee performance.
In addition, having access to nontechnical skills training will contribute to satisfaction and engagement. However, a large portion of companies do not provide such services.
Women report greater barriers (such as being excluded from informal networks) than do men. They also have more difficulty getting developmental assignments and geographic mobility opportunities. Many call this combination of subtle and not-so-subtle barriers to women’s progress the glass ceiling. Organizations need to be aware of it and try to eliminate it.
The manager can do several things to support his or her subordinates’ career development needs including scheduling a regular performance appraisal. Managers must also make expectations clear. Finally, managers must focus on the extent to which the employee’s current skills and performance match career aspirations.
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20. Review Career management systems Gender issues The manager’s role
Career management systems do not need to be complicated. Using employee-accessible career centers, providing workshops and offering lifelong learning opportunities are among the ways employees can be helped. Using career coaches, online programs and career-focused appraisals will help.
While much progress has been achieved with respect to gender-role issues, much more needs to be done.
Finally, the manager should provide timely performance appraisals and help the employee focus on the long-term career aspects of his or her job.
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21. List and discuss the four steps in effectively coaching
an employee.
As in most activities that must be organized, having a systematic plan will produce effective results in a coaching engagement. Let’s discuss.
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22. Improving Coaching Skills
Building your coaching skills – 4 steps
Preparation
Planning
Active coaching
Follow-up
Coaching and mentoring are key managerial skills. Coaching can be conducted outside of an organisation by an external person who coaches on self development as opposed to technical or work related skills.
Manager Coaching means educating, instructing, and training subordinates. Coaching focuses on teaching shorter-term job-related skills.
Mentoring means advising, counseling, and guiding – modelling. Mentoring focuses on helping employees navigate longer-term career outlooks. This is usually conducted by a person in a more senior role.
Coaching and mentoring require both analytical and interpersonal skills. They require analysis because you must know what the problem is. They require interpersonal skills because it’s futile to know the problem if you can’t get the person to listen or change.
We can best think of coaching in terms of a four-step process: preparation, planning, active coaching, and follow-up.
Preparation means understanding the problem, the employee, and the employee’s skills.
Planning the solution is next. In practice, you’ll lay out a change plan in the form of steps to take, measures of success, and completion dates. Very important to work alongside the employee, this plan needs to be created by the employee, your role is to promote and engage the employee.
With agreement on a plan, you can start the actual coaching. In this situation, you are, in essence, the teacher. Your toolkit will include what you learned about on-the-job training in Chapter 8.
Finally, bad habits sometimes reemerge. It’s therefore necessary to follow-up and re-observe the person’s progress periodically. This part of the process is about supporting the person with their development and change.
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23. Improving Coaching Skills
Building your mentoring skills
Mentoring caveats
The effective mentor
The protégé’s responsibilities
Mentoring traditionally means having experienced senior people advising, counseling, and guiding employees’ longer-term career development.
Mentoring focuses on relatively hard-to-reverse longer-term issues. It often touches on the person’s psychology (motives, needs, aptitudes, and how one gets along with others, for instance).
Because the supervisor is usually not a psychologist or trained career advisor, he or she must be extra cautious in the mentoring advice he or she gives.
Effective mentors set high standards and are willing to invest the time and effort the mentoring relationship requires. Mentors actively steer protégés into important projects, teams, and jobs. Effective mentoring requires trust. Trust is built, in part, by a willingness to be vulnerable and open. The level of trust reflects the mentor’s professional competence, consistency, ability to communicate, and readiness to share control.
As a protégé, remember effective mentoring is a two-way street. You must choose an appropriate potential mentor. But, don’t be surprised if you’re turned down. Make it easier for a potential mentor to agree to your request. Do so by making it clear ahead of time what you expect in terms of time and advice. This also is good to practice with your professors. Finally, respect the mentor’s time. Be on time (or early) for meetings and don’t run over the time to which you both agreed. If necessary, reschedule the meeting.
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24. Review Building your coaching skills Building your mentoring skills
Effective coaching means being prepared, having a plan, conducting the coaching and following-up. Because mentoring involves a practical knowledge of psychology and extensive experience, it is usually performed by more senior people. They set high standards, help steer and motivate protégés, and build trust. Finally, as a protégé, remember effective mentoring is a two-way street requiring work by both individuals.
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25. List the main decisions employers should address in
reaching promotion decisions.
Promotions usually provide opportunities to reward the exceptional performance of tested and loyal employees. However, unfairness, arbitrariness, or secrecy can diminish the effectiveness of the promotion process for all concerned. Let’s discuss.
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26. Making Promotion Decisions
Is seniority or competence the rule?
How should we measure competence?
Is the process formal or informal?
Vertical, horizontal?
Four important rules impact the effectiveness of promotion decisions.
Decision 1: Is Seniority or Competence the Rule? Today’s focus on competitiveness favors competence. However, union agreements and civil service regulations often emphasize seniority.
Decision 2: How Should We Measure Competence? Start by defining the job, setting standards, and using one or more appraisal tools to record the employee’s performance. Then, use a valid procedure for predicting a candidate’s potential for future performance.
Decision 3: Is the Process Formal or Informal? Each firm will determine whether the promotional process will be formal or informal.
Decision 4: Vertical, Horizontal, or Other? Promotions can be vertical (within the same functional area) or horizontal (in different functional areas). Horizontal promotions are becoming more common and the skills acquired are more what people want today. In some organisations it is difficult to actually getting people who want to be promoted vertically. This is due to the heightened responsibilities.
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27. Making Promotion Decisions
Practical considerations
Sources of bias
Promotions and the law
Managing transfers
Managing retirements
There are several steps that should be taken by employers and managers:
Establish eligibility requirements.
Review the job description.
Review candidates’ performance and history.
Hire only those who meet the requirements.
Women and people of color still experience relatively less career progress in organizations, often called the glass ceiling. Bias and more subtle barriers (e.g., organizational culture and history) are often the cause.
Employer promotions must comply with all anti-discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity laws.
Transfers are moves from one job to another, usually with no change in salary or grade. Frequent relocation of transferred employees has been assumed to have a damaging effect on transferees’ family life. Transfers are also financially costly.
Some employers are instituting formal pre-retirement counseling aimed at easing the passage of their employees into retirement. As you might suspect, a large majority of employees have said they expect to continue to work beyond the normal retirement age. For some, part-time employment is an alternative to outright retirement. Finally, employers can benefit from retirement planning by becoming able to anticipate or plan for future labor shortages.
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28. Review Promotion decisions Measurement Formal vs. informal
Vertical or horizontal
Practical issues
Bias
The law
Transfers
Retirement
The rules for promotion decisions include issues of seniority or competence, how to measure, and whether the process is formal or informal. In addition, consideration is given to whether the promotion is vertical or horizontal and who is eligible. Practical issues include bias such as the glass ceiling, legal compliance, and managing transfers and formal pre-retirement counseling.
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