1. STRESS a. Causes of Stress b. Measuring Stress c. Stress Management HEALTH & CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY G543

2. a. Workplace: Johansson b. Hassles: Kanner c. The Role of Control: Greer 1. Causes of Stress

3. EXAM STYLE QUESTIONS (ESQ) Causes of Stress WORKPLACE ROLE OF CONTROL DAILY HASSLES January 2010 Describe one piece of research which considers workplace stress. (10) Discuss problems of conducting research into the causes of stress. (15) June 2014 Outline how work can be a cause of stress. (10) Evaluate the use of quantitative data when researching the causes of stress. (15) June 2011 Outline one piece of evidence which suggests that stress can be caused by hassles and or life events. (10) Evaluate the reliability of methods of measuring stress. (15) Example Outline one piece of evidence which suggests that stress can be caused by lack of control. (10) Evaluate the use of qualitative data when researching the causes of stress. (15)

4. Resources:  Information Booklet  PowerPoint  Essay Help Booklet  Exam Style Questions (ESQ)

6. Worksheet 1: KEY WORDS  Complete the key terms related to this topic  You can use the resources and internet to help  Each definition should be at least two sentences long  You should use these terms where appropriate in your essays Activity 1

8. Worksheet 2: Summary Notes  Complete summary notes for each study  Workplace: Johansson  Daily Hassles: Kanner  Control: Geer  You can use the resources and internet to help Activity 2

9. 2a. Summary Questions: WORKPLACE JOHANSSON, 1978 What was the aim of this study? What are the details of the sample? How many high risk workers? How many workers were in the control group? How were shift workers paid? Aims Sample Background What are stressors? What does adrenaline attack? What do modern production methods require? What has this lead to? Results What happened to the adrenaline levels of the high-risk group throughout the day? What was twice as high in the high-risk workers? What happened to the control group? What did self-reports show? When was positive mood, most reported? What type of experiment did Johansson carry out? What research method was used in this study? What were the IVs? What happened? What was measured? Where did Johansson carry out his research? Method & Procedures

10. 2a. Summary Information: WORKPLACE JOHANSSON, 1978 Aim To measure the amount of stress experienced by sawmill workers and to look for a causal relationships on work satisfaction and production. Background Modern production methods require constant attention to detail on monotonous repetitive production lines which have increased efficiency by requiring workers to specialise in particular tasks. However, this has led to low self-esteem and a lack of work satisfaction in the workforce, increasing stress-related illness. Sample 14 high-risk workers, who cut, edged and graded wood and a control group of 10 repair and maintenance workers. The mean age of both groups was 38.4. All were shift workers paid by piece rate based on group performance.

11. 2a. Summary Information: WORKPLACE JOHANSSON, 1978 Method This was a quasi-experiment where the workers fell naturally into the two groups. Procedure Work measures were collected four times a day through urine tests, body temperature and self-rating of mood and alertness and consumption of caffeine and tobacco on the first or second day of the working week. These were compared to a day spent at home where workers were asked to stay up as if they were at work. Results & Conclusion Excretion of adrenaline in the urine of the high-risk workers was twice as high as the baseline and continued to increase to the end of the day, while the control group peaked in the morning then declined for the rest of the day. Self-reports showed the high-risk group feeling more rushed and irritated than the control group. More positive mood was reported by those doing non-repetitive tasks.

12. 2b. Summary Information: DAILY HASSLES KANNER, 1981 What was the aim of this study? What are the details of the sample? How long did the study last? Aims Sample Background What did Kanner believe? Give examples of the following: daily hassles, life events, uplifts. Results What were top hassles? What were main uplifts? Where was a correlation found? Where was a negative correlation found? Was proves a stronger predictor of stress than life events? How many times a month did each person take both stress measures? Group 2 was yoked to group 1, what does this mean? Name the two stress measurement scales that were used in this study? Method & Procedures

13. 2b. Summary Information: DAILY HASSLES KANNER, 1981 Aim To compare the Daily Hassles and Uplifts Scale versus the Major Life Events Scale to see if hassles were in fact the greater cause of stress. Background Kanner believed that it was not just the big events in life, but the many smaller daily events, in life, but the many smaller daily events, such as bad traffic, queuing, being left on hold on a phone that add up to make us stressed. He believed a person can withstand a major event once in a lifetime far more easily than constant smaller ones. He also believed that uplifts such as feeling joy or good news had to be part of the picture. Sample 52 women and 48 men all White, who participated in a 12-month study of stress in Canada.

14. 2b. Summary Information: DAILY HASSLES KANNER, 1981 Method/ procedure Each per took both the measures of stress above once a month for 9-months. They also completed the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (of stress symptoms) and the Bradburn Morale Scale of well-being towards the end of the study. Results & Conclusion Top hassles were weight, health and money, while the main uplifts were good relationships with partner and friends. Averaging over nine months of hassles, a correlation of 060 was found with psychological symptoms of stress, suggesting a strong relationship. There were differences between men and women with men showing a negative correlation (r= -0.18) between uplifts and a negative mood while women showed a positive correlation (r=0.25). Hassles proved a stronger predictor of stress than life events.

15. 2c. Summary Information: CONTROL GEER, 1972 What was the aim of this study? How many university undergraduates were used? Which university were they from? Aims Sample Background What do people prefer? By definition, what can people do? If people can predict when a unpleasant events if going to happen, what should they have? Results What did GSR show? Where was there no difference? Which group showed a lower skin response? What was concluded? What method was used? What type of design was selected? What happened? Group 2 was yoked to group 1, what does this mean? What did the control group see? What happened in the predictability and no control conditions? Why was each recording performed in a sound and electrically-shielded room? Method & Procedures

16. 2c. Summary Information: CONTROL GEER, 1972 Aim Does lower stress result from being able to predict the occurrence of an unpleasant stimuli or is the lower stress related to the controlling behaviour itself? Background People prefer predictable rather than unpredictable averse events. By definition, people who control the termination of a stimulus can also predict it length. Therefore, people who can predict when an unpleasant event is going to stop should have lower response to it. Sample 60 psychology undergraduates from New York University.

17. 2c. Summary Information: CONTROL GEER, 1972 Method A laboratory experiment involving three groups and using an independent measure design. Procedure The control group saw ten pictures of victims of violent death at 60-second intervals with a warning tone ten seconds before each one. They could press a button to change the picture as they wished. The ‘predictability’ and ‘no control’ group had no button and instead were ‘yoked’ to the control group. The ‘predictability’ group were unable to terminate or control the presentation but they knew about the relationship of the warning tone to the picture so they know when it would come and how long it would last. The ‘no control’ group had no control and no idea how long each picture would last. They thought pictures and tones occurred at random. Data was collected by heart rate monitors and galvanic skin response via a polygraph. Results & Conclusion GSR results showed a clear difference between the prediction group and the other two, with a much greater stress response to the warning tone. There was not difference in response to the photographs between the predictability and not control groups but the control group itself show a lower skin conductance. Therefore, being able to predict what was coming did not seem to prevent the stress response, whereas being able to stop it did. Heart rate monitors malfunctioned and were not included in the analysis.

18. Worksheet 3: Evaluation  Part 1: EVALUATION & DEBATES  Part 2: EVALUATION GRID Activity 3

19. 3a. Evaluation Questions: WORKPLACE EVALAUTION  Why does this study have good reliability?  Does this study have good validity? Why?  What are the problems with using self-report?  What are the limitations with the sample? DEBATES  Are some people more stress prone than others?  Is it useful to know about the type of work environment that promotes stress?

20. 3a. Evaluation & Debates: WORKPLACE EVALUATION  Good reliability with the two methods supporting each other’s findings.  Good validity because it is a quasi-experiment in the field.  Small sample and self-reports could mean problems with generalising these results to a wider sample in more interesting occupations. DEBATES  Situational vs. Individual explanations of behaviour – are some people more stress prone or is it situationally determined?  Usefulness – useful to know how to improve conditions for factory workers. Moving them around the factory gives variety and therefore reduces monotony and stress.

21. 3b. Evaluation Questions: HASSLES EVALUATION  Why do the findings not show a cause and effect relationship?  Why is it an issue using self-report?  Why could this study be seen as ethnocentric? DEBATES  Is stress a built in response?  Why does, using both hassles and uplifts give a more realistic picture?  Why are reliable scales more useful for doctors?

22. 3b. Evaluation Questions: HASSLES EVALUATION  This was correlational data so showed relationships and not cause and effect. In the self-report data with scales, people may not be honest or may give socially desirable answers.  There could be ethnocentric bias form the all-White sample. DEBATES  Nature/Nurture could be used here because stress is a built in ‘fight or flight’ response which could be more efficient in some people than others, or it could be an environment response.  Usefulness – using both hassles and uplifts give a more realistic picture of what happens to most people on a daily basis.  Having a reliable scale us useful for doctors to quickly assess a patient’s stress level and compare their score to a standard score for a normal person.

23. 3c. Evaluation Questions: CONTROL EVALUATION  Why is this study unethical?  Is GSR a reliable measure? Why  What are issues with other measuring techniques? DEBATES  Why is this study a poor reflection of ‘psychology as a science?’  Why is this study low in usefulness?

24. 3c. Evaluation Questions: CONTROL EVALUATION  The images may have caused stress to the participant, breaching ethical guidelines.  GSR is know to be unreliable as are polygraph test and the hear rate measures. DEBATES  This was a poor reflection of ‘psychology as a science’ with weak generalisabilty and validity.  It was low in usefulness and failed to clarify the mechanism involved in prediction and control of aversive stimuli.

26. Worksheet 4: Essay Plans  10 Mark Questions  15 Mark Questions Activity 4

28. EXAM STYLE QUESTIONS (ESQ) Causes of Stress WORKPLACE ROLE OF CONTROL DAILY HASSLES January 2010 Describe one piece of research which considers workplace stress. (10) Discuss problems of conducting research into the causes of stress. (15) June 2014 Outline how work can be a cause of stress. (10) Evaluate the use of quantitative data when researching the causes of stress. (15) June 2011 Outline one piece of evidence which suggests that stress can be caused by hassles and or life events. (10) Evaluate the reliability of methods of measuring stress. (15) Example Outline one piece of evidence which suggests that stress can be caused by lack of control. (10) Evaluate the use of qualitative data when researching the causes of stress. (15)

30. Workplace [10] Introduction: Conclusion: Assumption:Johansson:

31. Hassles [10] Introduction: Conclusion: Assumption:Kanner:

32. Control [10] Introduction: Conclusion: Assumption:Geer: