1. Hardy-Weinberg Equation Measuring Evolution of Populations

2. Need help? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEBNom3K9cQ
4/17/2017

3. 5 Agents of evolutionary change
Mutation
Gene Flow
Non-random mating
Genetic Drift
Selection

4. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Hypothetical, non-evolving population
preserves allele frequencies
Serves as a model (null hypothesis)
natural populations rarely in H-W equilibrium
useful model to measure if forces are acting on a population
measuring evolutionary change
G.H. Hardy (the English mathematician) and W. Weinberg (the German physician) independently worked out the mathematical basis of population genetics in Their formula predicts the expected genotype frequencies using the allele frequencies in a diploid Mendelian population. They were concerned with questions like "what happens to the frequencies of alleles in a population over time?" and "would you expect to see alleles disappear or become more frequent over time?"
G.H. Hardy
mathematician
W. Weinberg
physician

5. Evolution = change in allele frequencies in a population
hypothetical: what conditions would cause allele frequencies to not change?
Hardy Weinberg (non-evolving) population
REMOVE all agents of evolutionary change
no genetic drift -very large population size
no migration (no gene flow in or out)
no mutation (no genetic change)
random mating (no sexual selection)
no natural selection (everyone is equally fit)

6. Populations & gene pools
Vocab
a population is a localized group of interbreeding individuals
gene pool: collection of alleles in the population
remember difference between alleles & genes!
allele frequency is a ratio of alleles in the poulation
how many A vs. a in whole population
p= dominant alleles
q = recessive alleles

7. Hardy-Weinberg theorem
Counting Alleles
assume 2 alleles = B, b
frequency of dominant allele (B) = p
frequency of recessive allele (b) = q
frequencies must add to 1 (100%), so:
p + q = 1 BB Bb bb

8.
4/17/2017

9. Hardy-Weinberg theorem
Counting Individuals
p2= frequency of homozygous dominant: p x p = p2
q2=frequency of homozygous recessive: q x q = q2
2pq = frequency of heterozygotes: (p x q) + (q x p) = 2pq
frequencies of all individuals must add to 1 (100%), so:
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 BB Bb bb

10. H-W formulas Alleles: p + q = 1 Individuals: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 B b BB

11. Using Hardy-Weinberg equation
population: 100 cats
84 black, 16 white
How many of each genotype?
q2 (bb): 16/100 = .16
q (b): √.16 = 0.4
p (B): = 0.6
p2=.36
2pq=.48
q2=.16 BB Bb bb
Must assume population is in H-W equilibrium!
What are the genotype frequencies?

12. Using Hardy-Weinberg equation
p2=.36
2pq=.48
q2=.16
Assuming H-W equilibrium BB Bb bb
Null hypothesis
p2=.20
p2=.74
2pq=.10
2pq=.64
q2=.16
q2=.16
Sampled data 1:
Hybrids are in some way weaker.
Immigration in from an external population that is predomiantly homozygous B
Non-random mating... white cats tend to mate with white cats and black cats tend to mate with black cats.
Sampled data 2:
Heterozygote advantage.
What’s preventing this population from being in equilibrium. bb Bb BB
Sampled data
How do you explain the data?
How do you explain the data?

13. Find the frequency of the "aa" genotype:
Hardy-Weinberg QOD
Alleles: p + q = 1
Individuals: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
What is the frequency of the dominant allele in a population of 100 individuals with the following genotypes: 30 BB, 60 Bb, 10 bb?
You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is 36%.
Find the frequency of the "aa" genotype:
The frequency of the "a" allele.
The frequency of the "A" allele
The frequencies of the genotypes "AA" and "Aa."
P= .30 =.55

14. The frequency of the "aa" genotype: q2= .36
You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is 36%
The frequency of the "aa" genotype: q2=
.36
The frequency of the "a" allele. q= .36
= .6
The frequency of the "A" allele. p p+q= 1
p = 1-.6 = .4
The frequencies of the genotypes "AA" and "Aa." p2 = and pq= 2(.4*.6) = .48
The frequencies of the two possible phenotypes if "A" is completely dominant over "a."
.36 recessive trait, .64 dominant trait ( )

15. Application of H-W principle
Sickle cell anemia
inherit a mutation in gene coding for hemoglobin
oxygen-carrying blood protein
recessive allele = HsHs
normal allele = Hb
low oxygen levels causes RBC to sickle
breakdown of RBC
clogging small blood vessels
damage to organs
often lethal

16. Sickle cell frequency High frequency of heterozygotes
1 in 5 in Central Africans = HbHs
unusual for allele with severe detrimental effects in homozygotes
1 in 100 = HsHs
usually die before reproductive age
Sickle Cell:
In tropical Africa, where malaria is common, the sickle-cell allele is both an advantage & disadvantage. Reduces infection by malaria parasite.
Cystic fibrosis:
Cystic fibrosis carriers are thought to be more resistant to cholera:
1:25, or 4% of Caucasians are carriers Cc
Why is the Hs allele maintained at such high levels in African populations?
Suggests some selective advantage of being heterozygous…

17. Malaria
Single-celled eukaryote parasite (Plasmodium) spends part of its life cycle in red blood cells 1 2 3

18. Heterozygote Advantage
In tropical Africa, where malaria is common:
homozygous dominant (normal)
die or reduced reproduction from malaria: HbHb
homozygous recessive
die or reduced reproduction from sickle cell anemia: HsHs
heterozygote carriers are relatively free of both: HbHs
survive & reproduce more, more common in population
Hypothesis:
In malaria-infected cells, the O2 level is lowered enough to cause sickling which kills the cell & destroys the parasite.
Frequency of sickle cell allele & distribution of malaria

19. There are 100 students in a class
There are 100 students in a class. Ninety-six did well in the course whereas four blew it totally and received a grade of F. Sorry. In the highly unlikely event that these traits are genetic rather than environmental, if these traits involve dominant and recessive alleles, and if the four (4%) represent the frequency of the homozygous recessive condition, please calculate the following: A. The frequency of the recessive allele. B. The frequency of the dominant allele C. The frequency of heterozygous individuals.
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20. Any Questions??

21. HS-LS3-3. Apply concepts of statistics and probability to explain the variation and distribution of expressed traits in a population.