1. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Richard T. Schaefer

2. Slide 2 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Socialization The Role of Socialization The Self and Socialization Agents of Socialization Socialization Throughout the Life Course Social Policy and Socialization: Child Care Around the WorldSocial Policy and Socialization: Child Care Around the World 4

3. Slide 3 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. █ How much of a person’s personality is shaped by culture as opposed to inborn traits? A Look Ahead █ In what ways does socialization continue into adulthood? █ Who are the most powerful agents of socialization?

4. Slide 4 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Role of Socialization █ Socialization: Lifelong process in which people learn appropriate attitudes, values, and behaviors █ Personality: Person’s typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior

5. Slide 5 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation █ Interaction of heredity and environment shape human development –Cases of Isabelle and Genie Importance of earliest socialization experiences for children –Primate Studies Harlow showed isolation had damaging effect on monkeys

6. Slide 6 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-1: Genie’s Sketch Source: Curtiss 1977:274.

7. Slide 7 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Influence of Heredity █ Minnesota Twin Family Study –Twins have similar intelligence test scores when reared apart in roughly similar social settings –Different results when reared in different social settings

8. Slide 8 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Self and Socialization █ Self: Distinct identity that sets us apart from others The self is not a static phenomenon It continues to develop and change

9. Slide 9 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cooley: Looking-Glass Self █ View of ourselves comes from contemplation of personal qualities and impressions of how others perceive us Looking-glass self: The self is product of social interactions with other people

10. Slide 10 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mead: Stages of the Self █ Preparatory Stage: Children imitate people around them –As they grow older, children become more adept at using symbols

11. Slide 11 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mead: Stages of the Self █ Play Stage: Children develop skill in communicating through symbols and role taking occurs –Role taking: Process of mentally assuming perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint

12. Slide 12 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mead: Stages of the Self █ Game Stage: Children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously Generalized other: Attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior

13. Slide 13 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mead: Theory of the Self █ Self begins as privileged, central position in a person’s world █ As the person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about reactions of others Significant others: Individuals most important in the development of the self

14. Slide 14 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 4-1: Mead’s Stages of the Self

15. Slide 15 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Goffman: Presentation of the Self █ Impression management: Individuals learn to slant presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences –Also known as dramaturgical approach Face-work: Need to maintain proper image of self to continue social interaction

16. Slide 16 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology on Campus █ 4.1: Impression Management by Students –How do you react to those who have received higher or lower grades than you? Do you engage in impression management? How would you like others to react to your grades? –What social norms govern students’ impression management strategies?

17. Slide 17 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychological Approaches to the Self █ Freud –Self is a social product –Natural impulsive instincts in constant conflict with societal constraints –Personality influenced by others (especially one’s parents) –Self has components that work in opposition to each other Art to come

18. Slide 18 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychological Approaches to the Self █ Piaget –Cognitive theory of development: four stages in development of children’s thought processes Social interaction key to development

19. Slide 19 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 4-2: Theoretical Approaches to Development of the Self

20. Slide 20 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Agents of Socialization █ Family █ Cultural Influences █ The Impact of Race and Gender Gender role: Expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females

21. Slide 21 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Research Today █ 4.2: Rum Springa: Raising Children Amish Style –Do you or anyone you know come from a subculture that rejects mainstream American culture? If so, describe the community’s norms and values. –Why do you think so many Amish youths return to their families’ way of life after rebelling against it?

22. Slide 22 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Agents of Socialization █ School –Teaches values and customs of larger society –Schools can reinforce the divisive aspects of society █ Peer Group –As children grow older, peer groups increasingly assume role of Mead’s significant others

23. Slide 23 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Agents of Socialization █ Mass Media and Technology –Technology socializes families into multitasking as social norm –68% of U.S. children have television in their bedrooms –Nearly half of youths ages 8 to 18 use the Internet every day

24. Slide 24 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Agents of Socialization █ Workplace –Learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting is a fundamental aspect of human socialization █ Religion and State –Government and organized religion impact life course by reinstituting some rites of passage

25. Slide 25 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 4-3: High School Popularity Note: Students at the following universities were asked in which ways adolescents in their high schools had gained prestige with their peers: Cornell University, Louisiana State University, Southeastern Louisiana University, State University of New York at Albany, State University of New York at Stony Brook, University of Georgia, and University of New Hampshire. Source: Suitor et al. 2001:445.

26. Slide 26 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-2: How Young People Use the Media on a Typical Day Source: Rideout et al. 2010.

27. Slide 27 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Research Today █ 4.2: Online Socializing: A New Agent of Socialization –Do you list your “friends” on an online social networking site? If so, what is your motivation for doing so? –Do you think the advantages of online social networking outweigh the disadvantages?

28. Slide 28 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Life Course █ Rites of Passage: Means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person’s status █ Life Course Approach: Looking closely at social factors that influence people throughout their lives Staggered steps to independence in U.S. means no clear dividing line between adolescence and adulthood

29. Slide 29 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 4-4: Milestones in the Transition to Adulthood Note: Based on the 2002 General Social Survey of 1,398 people. Source: T. Smith 2003.

30. Slide 30 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization █ Anticipatory socialization: Person “rehearses” future occupations and social relationships █ Resocialization: Discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones during transitions in one’s life

31. Slide 31 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization █ Total institution: Regulates all aspects of a person’s life under a single authority Degradation ceremony: Ritual where individual becomes secondary and rather invisible in overbearing social environment

32. Slide 32 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Care Around the World █ Looking at the Issue –In the U.S., 73% of employed mothers depend on others to care for their children –30% of mothers who aren’t employed have regular care arrangements –Few in U.S. can afford to have a parent stay at home

33. Slide 33 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Care Around the World █ Applying Sociology –Interactionists favor studies on quality of child care outside of home; microlevel of analysis –Conflict perspective notes child care costs are burden for lower-class families –Feminist perspective questions low status and wages of day-care workers

34. Slide 34 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Care Around the World █ Initiating Policy –Policies vary throughout the world –When policymakers decide child care is desirable, must determine degree taxpayers subsidize it