1. Engineering Economic Analysis - Ninth Edition Newna/Eschenbach/Lavelle Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.1 Engineering Economic Analysis 9th Edition Chapter 2 ENGINEERING COSTS AND COST ESTIMATING

2. Engineering Economic Analysis - Ninth Edition Newna/Eschenbach/Lavelle Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.2 Engineering Costs Classifications of costs Fixed - constant, unchanging Rent is constant (single, married, children) Variable - depend on activity level Food depends on the number of occupants Marginal - variable cost for the next unit Depends on the next unit (adult, child, baby) Average - total cost/number of units Rent+ food+…+n/number of units

3. Engineering Economic Analysis - Ninth Edition Newna/Eschenbach/Lavelle Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.3 Fixed, Variable, and Total Costs Example 2-1

4. Engineering Economic Analysis - Ninth Edition Newna/Eschenbach/Lavelle Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.4 Profit and Loss Terms Breakeven: total revenue = total costs Just getting by Profit region: total revenue > total costs Putting money in the bank Loss region: total revenue < total costs Going into debt

5. Engineering Economic Analysis - Ninth Edition Newna/Eschenbach/Lavelle Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.5 Breakeven Charts Example 2-2

6. Engineering Economic Analysis - Ninth Edition Newna/Eschenbach/Lavelle Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.6 Past (Sunk) Costs and Future (Opportunity) Costs Sunk cost: money spent due to a past decision. We cannot do anything about these costs. Purchase price paid for a car two years ago Opportunity cost: a benefit that is foregone by engaging a resource in a chosen activity instead of engaging that same resource in some foregone activity. We make a choice or decision. Buying lunch instead of gas

7. Engineering Economic Analysis - Ninth Edition Newna/Eschenbach/Lavelle Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.7 Which amount is the value at present? Example 2-3

8. Engineering Economic Analysis - Ninth Edition Newna/Eschenbach/Lavelle Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.8 Expense Types Recurring expense: anticipated and occur at regular intervals. Purchasing food, paying rent Non-recurring expense: one-of-a-kind event that occurs at an irregular interval. Illness, accident, death Sometimes we attempt to plan for large non- recurring costs by buying insurance. Paying the periodic insurance premium turns this expense into a recurring cost.

9. Engineering Economic Analysis - Ninth Edition Newna/Eschenbach/Lavelle Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.9 Incremental Costs An incremental cost is the difference between the costs of two alternatives. Example 2-4

10. Engineering Economic Analysis - Ninth Edition Newna/Eschenbach/Lavelle Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.10 Cash vs. Book Costs Cash costs: movement of money from one owner to another - also known as a cash flow. Payment this month on an auto loan Book cost: cost of a past transaction that is recorded in a book. Down payment recorded in your checkbook from last year’s automobile purchase

11. Engineering Economic Analysis - Ninth Edition Newna/Eschenbach/Lavelle Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.11 Life-cycle Costs Life-cycle: all the time from conception to death of a product (process). Life-cycle costs: sum total of all the costs incurred during the life cycle. Life-cycle costing: designing with an understanding of all the costs associated with a product during its life-cycle.

12. Engineering Economic Analysis - Ninth Edition Newna/Eschenbach/Lavelle Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.12 Cost Estimating Economic analysis is future based. Costs and benefits in the future require estimating. Estimated costs are not known with certainty. The more accurate the estimate, the more reliable the decision.

13. Engineering Economic Analysis - Ninth Edition Newna/Eschenbach/Lavelle Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.13 Types of Estimates Rough: gut level, inaccurate -30% to +60%. Semi-detailed: based on historical records, reasonably sophisticated and accurate -15% to +20%. Detailed: based on detailed specifications and cost models, very accurate -3% to +5%.

14. Engineering Economic Analysis - Ninth Edition Newna/Eschenbach/Lavelle Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.14 Estimating Models ModelExplanation Per UnitUses a “per unit” factor $/sq ft, Benefits/employee SegmentingDivide problem into items, estimate each & sum Cost IndexesIndex number based on history Power SizingScaling previous known costs up or down TriangulationLooking at costs from several perspectives Learning CurveTracking cost improvements Examples US CPI

15. Engineering Economic Analysis - Ninth Edition Newna/Eschenbach/Lavelle Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.15 Cash Flow Diagrams Summarizes the flow of money over time Can be represented using a spreadsheet