1. A Deeper Understanding of Verbal Behavior Justin Daigle, MA, BCBA, LBA Program Director

3. Overview  Currently, you are familiar with the concept of verbal behavior  However, you have no way of systematically assessing verbalizations  There are also other Verbal Operants that you have not be introduced to.

4. Presentation Goals  Understand basic VB concepts  Learn formal definitions for Mand, Tact, Echoic, and Intraverbal  Be introduced to Autoclitic, Dictation, Transcription, and Textual  Learn how to assess Verbal Operants

5. Notes  It’s important to ask “dumb” questions in this lecture. Don’t be afraid to ask me to repeat or explain deeper. Don’t be afraid to ask. No one is an expert on this, so your questions may stump me.

6. Basic Concepts History, Definitions, and Concepts

7. Skinner vs Chomsky 1969 – both published language books “No black scorpion is falling upon this table” Last of Skinner’s books He wanted people to have a understanding of behaviorism prior to this book

8. Skinner vs Chomsky He knew it would be difficult to comprehend He learned not to use words that were already in use – thus his original words.

9. Vocal vs Verbal Verbal behavior is not vocal behavior. Language is not speech. Keep the concepts separated in your head. ex: ASL, gestures, written, texting, email, etc.

10. Defining “Verbal Behavior” “Behavior mediated by another person” Very broad definition Anything else will limit something somewhere I often say “functional language”

11. Speaker vs Listener Remember that in the “real world” contingencies can overlap. It is important to keep focus when analyzing verbal behavior. Examples tend to be speaker’s behaviors.

12. Speaker and Listener “Hi, Jim how are you?” (Mand, not intraverbal) “I’m good” (Intraverbal… and maybe tact)

13. Speaker and Listener “Hi, Jim how are you?” (Mand, not intraverbal) “I’m good” (Intraverbal… and maybe tact) StimuliBehaviorPostcedent MO for social interaction “…”“I’m good” (Sr+)

14. Speaker and Listener “Hi, Jim how are you?” (Mand, not intraverbal) “I’m good” (Intraverbal… and maybe tact) StimuliBehaviorPostcedent MO for social interaction “…”“I’m good” (Sr+) Previous statement “…” No fight (Sr-)

15. Speaker and Listener “Hi, Jim how are you?” (Mand, not intraverbal) “I’m good” (Intraverbal… and maybe tact) StimuliBehaviorPostcedent MO for social interaction “…”“I’m good” (Sr+) Previous statement “…” No fight (Sr-) Overlapping Contingencies

16. Measuring Operants Unlike in grammar, we measure by words. In articulation, we measure by phonemes. In poetry, we measure by meters. In verbal behavior, we measure by functionality.

17. Measuring Operants “Quickly, look a big, blue, flying bug!” Tact Mand Intraverbal Autoclitic ?

18. Page 534 UMO/CMO Yes Mand Non-Verbal S D Yes Tact Verbal S D Yes Point-to-Point Correspondence No Intraverbal Yes No Formal Similarity No Yes Echoic Transcription Textual

19. UMO and CMO  Unconditioned MO – A neutral event that functions as a motivation operation. An example would be “being hungry” is an unconditioned MO for food consumption.  Conditioned MO – A neutral event that functions as a motivation operation after it has been conditioned to do so. An example would be “being poor” is a conditioned MO for money.

20. Point-to-Point Correspondence  Point-to-Point Correspondence – When the beginning, middle, and end of a verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of a verbal response. “C at” Speaker: “C at” Listener: “C at”

21. Formal Similarity  Formal Similarity – When a stimulus and a behavior share the same medium (such as written to written) as well as physical resemblance. Example: Speaker: “Write the word ‘cat’”. (spoken) Listener writes the word ‘cat’. (written) The word changed formal similarity.

22. Relearning the Basics Mand, Tact, Echoic & Intraverbal

23. Page 534 UMO/CMO Yes Mand Non-Verbal S D Yes Tact Verbal S D Yes Point-to-Point Correspondence No Intraverbal Yes No Formal Similarity No Yes Echoic Transcription Textual

24. A Hint  The correct definitions of the verbal operants will always begin with… “A verbal operant that…”

25. Mand  Mand – A verbal operant that has a UMO/CMO and specific reinforcement Broken Down: 1) Only Verbal Operant with a MO 2) Has to have specific reinforcement

26. Question  If a child says “candy” and you give him a candy, is it a mand?

27. Answer  Before you might have said “yes”.  Now you should hesitate.  Did the child have an MO for the candy?  Did the child eat the candy?  What if the child handed the candy back to you?  Manding requires an MO!

28. Question  A child has an MO for candy and says “candy” and is praised for using his words. Because you need more tasks in your schedule of reinforcement, you ask the child to perform three more task, then Deliver candy. Was the child saying “candy” a mand?

29. Answer  No one knows…  The immediate consequence of the word was NOT the specific reinforcer  However, the specific reinforcer was delivered at the end of the schedule because it was manded for.  Going back, what’s a better way?

30. Tact  Tact – A verbal operant that does not have a UMO/CMO but has a non-verbal discriminative stimulus. (This is a pure tact) Broken Down: 1) No MO 2) Non-Verbal S D

31. Intraverbal  Intraverbal – A verbal operant that does not have a UMO/CMO, but does have a verbal discriminative stimulus with no point-to-point correspondence. Broken Down: 1) No MO 2) Verbal S D 3) No PTP Correspondence

32. A Note on Intraverbals  RFFC, EFFC, Fill-in-the-Blanks, etc are all technically intraverbals.

33. Echoics  Echoics – A verbal operant that does not have a UMO/CMO, but does have a verbal discriminative stimulus with point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity Broken Down: 1) No MO 2) Verbal S D 3) PTP Correspondence 4) Formal Similarity

34. Introduction to Higher Level Verbal Operants Textual, Transcription, Dictation, and Autoclitics

35. Textual  Textual – A verbal operant that does not have a UMO/CMO, but does have a verbal discriminative stimulus with point-to-point correspondence but does not have formal similarity Broken Down: 1) No MO2) Verbal S D 3) PTP Correspondence 4) No Formal Similarity

36. Textual (What you need to know)  Textual – When the listeners writes down what the speaker says Keep in mind that this really doesn’t have to be written down. Textual only requires a change in formal similarity from the verbal S D.

37. A Note on Textual  There are two types of textual  Dictation (Speaker’s Behavior)  Transcription (Listener’s Behavior)

38. Autoclitic (Skinner’s version )  Autoclitic – Verbal Behavior about Verbal Behavior. - Anyone want to take a guess what that means in the real world?

39. Autoclitic (Justin’s version)  Autoclitic – Words that modify other words - Fillers (ex: “Um”, “Like”) - Structure needed for grammar and/or syntax (ex: “But”, “The”) - Modifiers such as adjectives and adverbs (ex: “Big”, “Blue”)

40. Questions  Use your flow chart to attempt the given exercise (worth 30 minutes if you complete).  Pay close attention to 29-35

41. Summary  This stuff is complex and difficult for most  You still are required to know it   The more you practice in situation – the more clear it becomes.