2. Analysis of Physical Intuition … P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department I I T Delhi Two-dimensional Boundary Layer Flows

3. Division of Flow at Higher Reynolds Numbers

4. Prandtls Large Reynolds Number 2-D Incompressible Flow The free-stream velocity will accelerate for non-zero values of β: where L is a characteristic length and m is a dimensionless constant that depends on β:

5. The condition m = 0 gives zero flow acceleration corresponding to the Blausius solution for flat-plate flow. The Measure of Wedge Angle The boundary layer is seen to grow in thickness as x moves from 0 to L.

6. Two-dimensional Boundary Layer Flows In dimensionless variables the steady Incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions may be written: The boundary layer is seen to grow in thickness as x moves from 0 to L.

7. The Art of Asymptotic Thinking This suggests that the term in x-momentum equation can be properly estimated as of order U 2 /L In the dimensionless formulation, should be taken as O(1) at large Re. If this term is to balance the viscous stress term, then the natural choiceis to assume that the y-derivatives of u are so large that the balance is with. This is due to the fact that the boundary layer on the plate is observed to be so thin. Thus it makes sense to define A stretched variable Local Reynolds Number

8. Shape of Boundary Layer In Stretched Coordinates

9. The stretched N-S Equations 2-D incompressible continuity equations In order to keep this essential equation intact and as of order unity: The stretched variable must be compensated by a stretched form of the y-velocity component: Stretched coordinate: 2-D incompressible continuity equations in stretched coordinates:

10. Prandtls Intuition Prandtl would have been comfortably guessed this definition. The boundary layer on the plate was so thin that there could have been only a small velocity component normal to its surface. Thus the continuity equation will survive our limit Re .

11. X - Momentum Equation in Stretched Coordinates Returning now to consideration of x-momentum equation, retain the pressure term as O(1). x-momentum equation in stretched coordinates: In the limit Re , with stretched variables, this amounts to dropping the term

12. y-Momentum Equation in 2-D Boundary Layer Flows Use these stretched variables in y-momentum equation Thus in the limit Re  the vertical momentum equation reduces to

13. The Conclusions from Intuitive Mathematics The pressure does not change as we move vertically through the thin boundary layer. That is, the pressure throughout the boundary layer at a station x must be the pressure outside the layer. At this point a crucial contact is made with inviscid fluid theory. The “pressure outside the boundary layer” should be determined by the inviscid theory. Since the boundary layer is thin and will presumably not disturb the inviscid flow very much. In particular for a flat plate the Euler flow is the uniform stream- the plate has no effect and so the pressure has its constant free- stream value.