1.
Chapter One

2. 1.1Populations in Pre-Columbian North America
The earliest populations in North America developed a variety of social, political, and economic structures based on interactions with the environment and each other..

3. As settlers migrated They settled across North America.
Developed quite different and increasingly complex societies.
Adapted and transformed to their diverse environments.

4. Maize cultivation
Spread northward from Mexico and supported economic development and social diversification among societies
Foraging and hunting did the same for societies in the Northwest and California
Terms: Pueblo, Chinook

5. Great Basin and Western Great Plains
Developed largely mobile lifestyles.
In the Northeast and along the Atlantic Seaboard, some societies developed a mixes agricultural and hunter-gatherer lifestyle that led to permanent villages.
Terms: Iroquois, Algonquian

6. Divide class into 4 groups
Assign each group one of the tribes mentioned in the PowerPoint.
Have each group report to the class the characteristics of each of these tribes.
Compare and contrast the tribes.

7. Create Comparison Sheet
Tribe
Pueblo
Chinook
Iroquois
Algonquian
Family
Structure
Economic
System
Religious
Beliefs
Language

8. Primary Source Reading
Read portions of the Iroquois Confederation.
Discuss what you learn about the Iroquois as a result of this document.
How does this compare to the concept of the Indian as a savage?
What reasons can you give for why the various tribes did not unite to fend off the European “invasion”.?

9. Columbian Exchange
1.2 European overseas expansion resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic

10. Spanish and Portuguese exploration led to -
Widespread deadly epidemics
The emergence of racially mixed populations
And a caste system defined by an intermixture of Spanish, African and Native Americans.
Terms: smallpox, Mestizo, Zambo

11. New Crops and Livestock
Far-reaching effects on native settlement patterns.
Effected the economic, social, and political development in the Western Hemisphere.
Terms: horses, cows

12. Encomienda System Based on Indian labor Plantation based agriculture
Extraction of precious metals and other natural resources
Gradually replaced by African slavery
Terms: Sugar, silver

13. The Nations of Europe were expanding and competition was growing.
Causing social, religious, political, and economic upheaval.
Promoted empire building.
Desire for new sources of wealth
Power and status
Converts to Christianity

14. Changes in Europe New crops stimulated population growth in Europe
New sources of mineral wealth facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.
Terms: corn, potatoes

15. Improvements in Technology and organization
Effected international trade
Changed the economies of Europe and the Americas.
Terms: sextant, joint-stock companies

16. 1.3 Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the world views of each group
Over seas expansion and sustained contacts with Africans and American Indians dramatically altered European views of social, political, and economic relationships among and between white and nonwhite peoples.

17. Spanish and Portuguese explorers…
Poorly understood the native peoples which led to a debate over how American Indians should be treated .
Exactly how “civilized” these groups were.
Terms: Juan de Sepulveda, Bartolome de Las Casas

18. Concept of White superiority grew
In order to justify their subjugation of Africans and American Indians
Used several rationales.

19. Tried to Hold the Middle Ground
Native peoples and Africans strove to maintain their political and cultural autonomy.
European nations challenged their independence and core beliefs.
Terms: Spanish mission system, Pueblo, Juan de Onate

20. In Spit of Slavery
Africans’ cultural and linguistic adaptations to the Western Hemisphere resulted in varying degrees of cultural preservation and autonomy
Terms: maroon communities in Brazil and the Caribbean, mixing of Christianity and traditional African religions.