1. USES OF ENZYMES

2. Review of Learning Enzymes are biological catalysts
We produce these chemicals, to speed up or slow down biological changes
Enzymes are proteins, long chain molecules of amino acids
Enzyme catalysts are not changed or used up
Each enzyme is substance/substrate specific
It fits exactly the substance to be changed
Enzymes need the right pH and temperature
They are denatured by overheating.

3. Learning Objectives Enzymes from microorganisms have many uses
Proteases and lipases are used in the manufacture of biological detergents
Proteases, carbohydrases and isomerase are used in food manufacture

4. Enzymes in washing powders
Enzymes are used in
Biological Washing powders to digest food stains- protease and lipase enzymes are found in biological washing powders
These washing powders work at lower temperatures so save money

5. Protease enzymes Protease enzymes to pre digest proteins in baby food
Suggest why baby food may need some of the protein food pre digested

6. Isomerase enzymes These enzymes convert glucose to fructose.
Fructose is much sweeter than glucose so less is needed in foods so they are less fattening so often used in slimming foods

7. Carbohydrases
These change starch to sugar syrup for use in foods we use alot of glucose syrup in in food production- look at food labels
Starch is cheap as it is made from corn starch so this is a cheap way of producing sweetness

8. Advantages of using enzymes
In industry enzymes can be used to speed up reactions at low temperatures and normal pressures- very useful as many processes would need high temperatures and high pressures to run fast enough without the enzymes

9. Problems of using enzymes
Enzymes are very sensitive to their surroundings
The temperatures must be kept down – below 45 degrees centigrade
pH must be controlled
it costs money to control these things

10. Micro- organisms make enzymes we can use in their cells which pass out of their cells to be used
You have to give the microbes food and oxygen to make the enzyme and remove waste products

11. Check your Knowledge
List 3 enzymes and how they are used in the food industry
Explain why biological washing powders are more effective than non biological ones at lower temperatures
But they are not more effective at high temperatures

12. Review of Learning Be able to explain how biological detergents work
Describe some ways in which enzymes are used in the food industry