1. INVESTIGATING ENZYMES

2. How An Enzyme Works

3. Enzymes in living cells
Enzymes are PROTEINS which are present in ALL LIVING CELLS.
They act as biological CATALYSTS by SPEEDING UP chemical reactions without being used up itself.
Why do we need enzymes ?
most cells work at relatively low temperatures and their chemical reactions (e.g. respiration, digestion, photosynthesis) would be too slow to sustain life without the help of enzymes !

4. Uses of enzymes
Daz
1) Enzymes are used in washing powders to help digest food stains. Biological washing powders will only work on 400C or lower.
2) Enzymes are used in baby foods to “pre-digest” the proteins.
3) Enzymes are used to convert starch into sugar which can then be used in food.

5. Enzyme Specificity is called the lock- key hypothesis!!

6. ENZYME DESIGN
The substance on which an enzyme acts is called the SUBSTRATE
The reaction happens when the ENZYME molecule and the SUBSTRATE molecule are fitted together
Each ENZYME has to be shaped EXACTLY to suit its own substrate
Eggs are made of protein. When an egg is fried its protein denatures. It takes on a different shape and cannot be returned to its precooked state.

7. Examples – Notice the “ase” ending
SUBSTRATE
ENZYME
Urea
Urease
Lipid
Lipase
Lactose
Lactase
Lactase only works with Lactose etc.

8. ACTIVATION ENERGY- the energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Enzymes lower the amount of activation energy needed!!

9. Activation Energy reactants energy barrier with no enzyme to energy
promote
reaction
energy
barrier with
an enzyme’s
participation
products

10. Enzymes – How they work! Enzymes Protein Polymer
Introduce yellow and red sequence as a piece of protein made up of amino- acid building blocks.
Lots of Smaller Amino-acids (monomers)

11. The concept of metabolism
Metabolism = all the chemical reactions taken place inside the living organisms
Metabolic reactions produce different life processes, e.g.
photosynthesis
respiration
movement
growth
reproduction

12. Control of metabolism
Metabolic reactions can be controlled and speeded up by enzymes
metabolic reactions would be too slow to occur if no enzymes are present!

13. Catabolic/decomposition chemical reactions..
Involve the BREAKDOWN of big molecules into smaller ones (Hydrolysis)

14. Anabolic/synthesis chemical reactions..
BUILD UP smaller molecules into bigger ones (Dehydration Synthesis)
Without enzymes, chemical reactions
in living cells would be far too slow!!

15. Temperature & Enzyme Activity
All enzymes are made of PROTEIN so are DENATURED at high temperatures (above about 50°C) .. think boiled eggs !!
The rate of enzyme activity increases with temperature up to a maximum (OPTIMUM TEMP.) then falls to zero as the enzyme is denatured.

16. pH & Enzyme Activity
pH also affects the rate of enzyme activity. Each enzyme has its own range of pH in which it will work.
Examples :
the enzyme PEPSIN only works between (pH 1-4)pH pH 4 (acidic)
the enzyme CATALASE only works between (pH 8-11)pH (alkaline)
Optimum = "the best” ... The enzyme is working at its very fastest

17. More reaction facts… An example of a BREAKDOWN reaction.
The enzyme,AMYLASE breaks down STARCH into MALTOSE
An example of a SYNTHESIS reaction...
The enzyme PHOSPHORYLASE builds up glucose(-1 phosphate) into STARCH.
BUT REMEMBER,EACH ENZYME CAN ONLY
CATALYSE ONE REACTION.

18. DENATURATION Enzymes are made of proteins
Proteins are sensitive to external conditions such a temperature, pH, salt levels etc
If conditions change it can cause the active site of an enzyme to change shape
When this happens, the substrate can no longer fit and the enzyme quits working

19. And finally... ‘Optimum’ is a useful word which means ‘best’
So we call the TEMPERATURE and the pH which makes an ENZYME work at its very fastest, the OPTIMUM for that enzyme.

20. One More Time ……

21. Use the drawing to answer the question

22. Use the drawing to answer the question

23. Enzymes in the Digestive System

24. Cracker Lab – Exploring Amylase “Enzyme Madness”

25. Apple Experiment
Observe the two apple bites. What is different about them? Why?
An enzyme present in apples is called catecholase. When catechol and oxygen interact, the enzymatic reaction causes the apple to brown. The low pH of the lemon, however, stops this reaction.

26. “An Apple a Day ……”
Take a bite of an apple. On the opposite side of the apple take a second bite. Rub lemon juice on the second bite mark and set your apple aside.

27. Enzymes work best in certain conditions:
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They help the reactions that occur in our bodies by controlling the rate of reaction.
Enzymes work best in certain conditions:
Could be protease (found in the stomach)
Enzymes are denatured beyond 40OC
Could be amylase (found in the intestine)
Enzyme activity
Temp pH
400C
Enzymes vary in the pH and temperatures that make them work best!

28. The Following Video will provide the answers
In Your Journal write:
Name industries that use enzymes to improve their products.
How did the Egyptians use enzymes?
Where was Rennin collected from in the past?
Discuss how large quantities of enzymes are currently produced.
Could we survive without enzymes?

29. HISTORY AND USE OF ENZYMES MOVIE