1. FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING RESEARCH Sixth Edition CHAPTER Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Data-Collection Methods 13

2. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objectives 1.Recognize The Importance Of Questionnaires As A Data-Collection Method 2.Enumerate The General Characteristics Of Questionnaires 3.Construct Items For A Questionnaire 4.List The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Questionnaires As A Data-Collection Method

3. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objectives 5.Acknowledge The Importance Of Interviews As A Data-Collection Method 6.Recognize The Necessity For Training Of Interviewers Before Data Collection 7.Differentiate Among The Three Different Levels Of Structure That Can Be Used In Interviews 8.List Guidelines To Be Used In The Three Phases Of An Interview

4. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objectives 9.Recognize The Influence Of The Interviewer On The Subjects‚ äô Responses 10.List The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Interviews As A Data-Collection Method 11.Recognize The Importance Of Observation As A Data-Collection Method

5. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objectives 12.Determine The Need For Physiological And Psychological Data-Collection Methods 13.Compare And Contrast The Various Types Of Data-Collection Methods 14.Critique The Data-Collection Methods Used in Research Studies Reported In The Literature

6. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective One Learning Objective One Recognize The Importance Of Questionnaires As A Data-Collection Method

7. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Questionnaires One of many data collection methods Only method for certain human response data

8. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Two Learning Objective Two Enumerate The General Characteristics Of Questionnaires

9. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Questionnaire Paper-and-pencil format Answers given in writing

10. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Questionnaire Development Development of a reliable and valid questionnaire is difficult. Many literature resources available for use in the construction

11. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Questionnaires Measure Knowledge levels Opinions Attitudes Beliefs Ideas Feelings Perceptions

12. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Validity of Questionnaires Rests on validity of the data obtained Governed by the respondents’ willingness or ability to provide accurate information

13. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Three Learning Objective Three Construct Items For A Questionnaire

14. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy General Appearance of a Questionnaire Neat and attractive Minimal length Grammatically correct No typing or spelling errors Clear margins and adequate spacing High-quality printing and paper

15. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Questionnaire Guidelines Written in the respondents’ preferred language Contain appropriate knowledge and reading level Avoid slang expressions, colloquialisms, and medical or nursing jargon

16. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Formulas to Determine Reading Level The Flesch Reading Ease The Fog Readability Formula The Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level SMOG (Simple Measure of Gobbledygook)

17. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Length of Questionnaires and Question Construction Questionnaire length –Limit required completion time to 10 minutes or less –Not longer than two or three pages Question construction –Keep questions as short as possible –Desirable length is fewer than 20 words. –Divide a long question into two questions

18. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Wording of Questions State questions in an affirmative rather than a negative manner Avoid –Ambiguous questions –Double negative questions –Double-barreled questions

19. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Categories of Questions Demographic Open- and closed-ended Contingency Filler

20. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Demographic Questions Gather data on the characteristics of the sample Characteristics of sample = demographic and attribute variables Examples –Age –Educational background –Religious affiliation

21. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Closed-Ended Questions Respondents are asked to choose from given alternatives. Examples –True-or-false questions –Checklist type questions –Multiple-choice questions –Matching questions

22. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Open-Ended Questions Respondents complete questions in their own words. Examples –Essay questions –Fill-in-the-blank questions

23. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Contingency Questions Are relevant for some respondents and not for others Examples –Have you ever been hospitalized before? ______Yes/No. (If No, go on to question number 5) –How would you rate the care you received during your last hospitalization? ____ Poor ____ Fair ____ Good

24. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Filler Questions Items in which the researcher has no direct interest Included to reduce the emphasis on the specific purpose of other questions

25. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Placement of Questions Group all questions about a certain topic together Put demographic questions at beginning or end

26. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy A Cover Letter Should be written clearly with simple instructions Important factor for motivation Accompanies all mailed questions

27. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy A Cover Letter (cont’d) Elements of a cover letter –Identification of the researcher and any sponsoring agency or person –Purpose of the research –How participant was selected –Reason the respondent should answer the questionnaire –Length of time to complete the questionnaire –How data will be used or made public

28. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy A Cover Letter (cont’d) Elements of a cover letter –Deadline for return of questionnaire –An offer to inform respondent of results of study –Researcher’s contact phone numbers, address, or both –Personal signature of the researcher

29. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Completion Instructions Should be clear and concise Provide examples of the appropriate way to respond to particular questions, if needed

30. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Distribution of Questionnaires Made available at a convenient location Through a mailing or distribution system Through Internet.

31. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Factors Encouraging Questionnaire Return Rate Time of mailing Hand-addressed outer envelopes Personal signature of the researcher Motivational information An incentive for completion

32. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Factors Encouraging Questionnaire Return Rate Neatness and clarity of the instrument Ease of completion Time required to complete the instrument Guarantee of anonymity Inclusion of a preaddressed, stamped envelope

33. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Four Learning Objective Four List The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Questionnaires As A Data-Collection Method

34. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Advantages of Questionnaires Quick and generally inexpensive Easy to test for reliability and validity Administration is time efficient. Can obtain data from widespread geographical areas Anonymity can be guaranteed in cover letter.

35. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Disadvantages of Questionnaires Costly to mail if there is a large volume Potential low response rate Respondents may provide socially acceptable answers or fail to answer.

36. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Disadvantages of Questionnaires (cont’d) Respondents may not be representative of the population. No opportunity to clarify items that may be misunderstood Respondents must be literate. Respondents must have no prohibitory physical handicap.

37. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Five Learning Objective Five Acknowledge The Importance Of Interviews As A Data-Collection Method

38. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Interview Method of data collection Interviewer obtains responses. Face-to-face encounter, by telephone, or through an Internet connection

39. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Interview Purpose Obtain factual data about people Measure opinions, attitudes, and beliefs

40. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Interview Schedule Contains a set of questions to be asked by an interviewer

41. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Recording Interview Data Entered directly on the interview schedule Recorded on a separate coding sheet Recorded on audiotape Recorded on videotape

42. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Six Learning Objective Six Recognize The Necessity For Training Of Interviewers Before Data Collection

43. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Interviewer Training Responsibility of the study’s investigator Should be rigorous Should be carried out in groups

44. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Interviewer Training (cont’d) Provide description of study, purpose, and methodology Provide explanation of interview schedule, purpose of each question, meanings of all words, use of probes

45. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Seven Learning Objective Seven Differentiate Among The Three Different Levels Of Structure That Can Be Used In Interviews

46. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Types of Interviews Unstructured Structured Semistructured

47. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Unstructured Interviews Interviewer directs the course of the interview. Conducted like a normal conversation Topics pursued at the discretion of the interviewer

48. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Unstructured Interviews (cont’d) Used in exploratory or qualitative research studies Interviewer may start with a broad opening statement. Further questions and probes may be used.

49. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Unstructured Interviews (cont’d) Give more freedom in question format Produce more in-depth information Conducted more like a normal conversation Discuss topics at the discretion of the interviewer

50. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Structured Interviews Use a structured set of questions Ask same questions, in same order, in same manner Very objective

51. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Semistructured Interviews Interviewers ask a certain number of specific questions. Additional probes are allowed or encouraged. Closed-ended and open-ended questions

52. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Eight Learning Objective Eight List Guidelines To Be Used In The Three Phases Of An Interview

53. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Interview Phases Prior to the interview During the interview After the interview

54. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Interviewer Tasks: Prior to the Interview Introduce self Explain study purpose Explain how participant was selected Explain how obtained information will be used Tell how long the interview will last

55. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Interviewer Tasks: During the Interview Make the participant comfortable Provide privacy Control unnecessary noises Use language that is clearly understood

56. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Interviewer Tasks: During the Interview (cont’d) Talk in a conversational tone Inform participant that there are no right or wrong answers Do not pressure participant for answers Leave sensitive questions until the end of the interview

57. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Interviewer Tasks: After the Interview Ask participants if they have any questions Provide further explanations of the study if necessary Thank the participants for their contribution Provide compensation if appropriate Indicate how participants may obtain study results

58. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Nine Learning Objective Nine Recognize The Influence Of The Interviewer On The Subjects' Responses

59. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Interviewer Influence Nonexperimental research: Rosenthal effect Experimental studies: experimenter effect

60. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Influencing Factors in Face-to-Face Interviews Ethnic background Age Gender Manner of speaking Manner of dress

61. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Influencing Factors in Telephone Interviews Tone of voice Dialect

62. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Ten Learning Objective Ten List The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Interviews As A Data-Collection Method

63. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Interview Advantages High response rate In-depth responses Wide range of participants High percentage of usable data Ability to observe verbal and nonverbal behavior

64. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Interview Disadvantages Time consuming Expensive Arrangements may be difficult.

65. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Interview Disadvantages (cont’d) Participants may –Be influenced by the interviewers’ characteristics –Intentionally provide socially acceptable responses –Be anxious because answers are being recorded

66. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Eleven Learning Objective Eleven Recognize The Importance Of Observation As A Data-Collection Method

67. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Observational Research Data gathered through visual observation Nurses are well qualified to use this method. Carefully developed plan is essential.

68. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Researcher Decisions in Observational Research What behaviors will be observed? Who will observe the behaviors? What observational procedure will be used? What type of relationship will exist between the observer and the subjects?

69. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Observable Behavior Examples Psychomotor skills Personal habits Nonverbal communication patterns Interrater reliability –The degree to which two or more raters or observers assign the same rating or score to an observation

70. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Types of Observations Range from very structured to very unstructured

71. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Structured Observation Research Data-collection tool, usually some kind of checklist Expected behaviors are identified on the checklist. Observer indicates the frequency of behavior occurrence.

72. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Unstructured Observation Research Researcher attempts to describe events or behaviors freely. Process requires a high degree of concentration and attention.

73. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Combination of Observational Methods Utilizes observation guide Designed with some preconceived categories Also allows the observer to record additional behaviors Provides both quantitative and qualitative data

74. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Classification of Observational Research Event sampling Time sampling

75. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Event Sampling Versus Time Sampling Event sampling –Involves observation of an entire event –Example: change of shift report Time sampling –Involves observations of events or behaviors during certain specified times –Example: 2 hours after dinner

76. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Twelve Learning Objective Twelve Determine The Need For Physiological And Psychological Data-Collection Methods

77. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Physiological Measures Involve the collection of physical data from subjects Measures are objective and accurate. Advantage—precision and accuracy Disadvantage—expertise required for using devices

78. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Attitude Scales Self-report data-collection instruments Respondents report attitudes or feelings. Score given for the item responses Totals may be obtained for individual subject or a group. Types of attitude scales –The Likert scale –The semantic differential scale

79. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy The Likert Scale Usually contains five or seven responses for each item Responses range from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Equal number of positive and negative worded items important

80. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy The Likert Scale (cont’d) Scores assigned to each response –Positive items scored in positive direction –Negative items scored in reverse direction –Total scores are obtained.

81. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy The Semantic Differential Scale Subjects give their position or attitude about the concept. Continuum exists between two adjectives or phrases presented. Positions on continuum vary from 5 to 9. Scores then calculated for all the subjects

82. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Measures to Assess Personality Characteristics Personality inventories Projective techniques

83. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Personality Inventories Use self-report measures Assess the differences in personality traits, needs, or values of people

84. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Personality Inventories Common personality inventories –The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) –The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) –The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF)

85. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Projective Techniques Responses are believed to reflect the subject’s internal feelings. Subject is asked to –Describe the stimuli –Tell what the stimuli represent Common projective measures –The Rorschach Inkblot Test –The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

86. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Q Sort or Q Methodology Subjects sort statements into categories according to their attitudes toward, or rating of, the statements. Subjects are presented with a number of words or statements that are written on cards or pieces of paper.

87. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Q Sort or Q Methodology Subjects sort cards or papers into a number of predetermined categories or piles. Forced-choice exercise

88. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy The Delphi Technique Uses several rounds of questions Seeks a consensus on a particular topic from a group of experts Not necessary to bring experts together in a face-to-face meeting

89. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Presents subjects with a straight line drawn on a piece of paper The line is anchored on each end by words or short phrases. Phenomenon extremes are listed at the ends of the line. Subjects are asked to make a mark on the line at the point that corresponds to their experience of the phenomenon.

90. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) The line is usually100 mm in length. Quantitative data is obtained from measurements of the responses.

91. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Preexisting Data Data is used from previous research. Existing information is reanalyzed for new research. Preexisting data sources –Patient charts –Records from agencies and organizations –Personal documents –Almanacs –Professional journals

92. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Thirteen Learning Objective Thirteen Compare And Contrast The Various Types Of Data-Collection Methods

93. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Unstructured Interview Hint Produces more in-depth information –Subjects’ beliefs –Attitudes

94. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Semantic Differential Hint Easier for subjects to use Adjectives used may be a problem.

95. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Self-Report Psychological Measures Hint Elicits socially acceptable answers Elicits answers desired by researcher May not reflect true feelings or attitudes of subjects

96. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Data Collection Hint Projective tests are particularly useful with small children because of their limited vocabularies.

97. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Visual Analogue Scale Useful for a measuring –Nausea –Pain –Fatigue –Shortness of breath

98. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Fourteen Learning Objective Fourteen Critique The Data-Collection Methods Used in Research Studies Reported In The Literature

99. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Critiquing Data-Collection Methods Read entire research report carefully Try to tell if the best data were obtained from the method Consult research books if not familiar with the methods used