1. Nicolai Netz London 29 April 2015 Why do and why don’t they go abroad? Factors influencing international student mobility

2. 2London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Introductory notes Aim of the presentation Provide an empirical overview of key factors propelling and inhibiting the international mobility of students Focus of the presentation Temporary cross-border mobility of students returning to their home institution (study abroad / credit mobility)  enrolment, internship, language course, research stay, summer school, other study-related stay abroad Main sources: EUROSTUDENT project, other DZHW surveys and selected research papers of my PhD

3. 3Hanover, 23 rd August 2010Consultation of the EUROSTUDENT network How large are the shares of students going abroad?

4. 4London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz International student mobility rates Data source: EUROSTUDENT EUROSTUDENT generates internationally comparable indicators using data from nationally representative student surveys 5 th round: data from 29 countries of the EHEA (including Ireland, but without England, Scotland and Wales) Reference period: 2012 – 2014 Reference: Hauschildt, Gwosć, Netz, & Mishra (2015). Social and Economic Conditions of Student Life in Europe. Synopsis of Indicators. EUROSTUDENT V 2012–2015. Bielefeld: Bertelsmann.

5. 5London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz International student mobility rates Students who realised a temporary study-related experience abroad Share of students (in %) Source: Hauschildt et al. (2015, p. 191) List of country abbreviations on p. 6 of the Synopsis

6. 6London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz International student mobility rates Source: Hauschildt et al. (2015, p. 191) Students who realised an enrolment, internship, or a language course abroad Share of students (in %)

7. 7Hanover, 23 rd August 2010Consultation of the EUROSTUDENT network Which are the main motives for international mobility?

8. 8London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Motives for international mobility Data source: DAAD/DZHW Study on Mobility Large-scale cross-sectional survey on international mobility among students in German higher education Every two years since 2007 (here: focus on 2009 cohort) Reference: Heublein, Hutzsch, Schreiber, & Sommer (2011). Internationale Mobilität im Studium 2009. Hannover: HIS.

9. 9London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Source: Heublein et al. (2011, p. 87) Motives for international mobility Share of students planning a stay abroad who consider an aspect as (very) important (in %) employment

10. 10London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Source: Heublein et al. (2011, p. 87) Motives for international mobility Share of students planning a stay abroad who consider an aspect as (very) important (in %) language

11. 11London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Source: Heublein et al. (2011, p. 87) Motives for international mobility Share of students planning a stay abroad who consider an aspect as (very) important (in %) Culture, leaving comfort zone, personality

12. 12London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Source: Heublein et al. (2011, p. 87) Motives for international mobility Share of students planning a stay abroad who consider an aspect as (very) important (in %) Specific skills

13. 13Hanover, 23 rd August 2010Consultation of the EUROSTUDENT network Which are the main obstacles to international mobility?

14. 14London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Data source: EUROSTUDENT Rich information on students’ perception of obstacles to a temporary enrolment abroad Reference: Hauschildt, Gwosć, Netz, & Mishra (2015). Social and Economic Conditions of Student Life in Europe. Synopsis of Indicators. EUROSTUDENT V 2012–2015. Bielefeld: Bertelsmann. Perceived obstacles to international mobility

15. 15London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Additional financial burden Share of students who have not been enrolled abroad and do not plan to enrol abroad considering the selected issue as (quite) big obstacle to enrolment abroad (in %) Source: Hauschildt et al. (2015, p. 196) Perceived obstacles to international mobility

16. 16London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Separation from partner, child(ren), friends Share of students who have not been enrolled abroad and do not plan to enrol abroad considering the selected issue as (quite) big obstacle to enrolment abroad (in %) Source: Hauschildt et al. (2015, p. 196) Perceived obstacles to international mobility

17. 17London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Insufficient skills in foreign languages Share of students who have not been enrolled abroad and do not plan to enrol abroad considering the selected issue as (quite) big obstacle to enrolment abroad (in %) Source: Hauschildt et al. (2015, p. 196) Perceived obstacles to international mobility

18. 18London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Problems with recognition of credits gained abroad Share of students who have not been enrolled abroad and do not plan to enrol abroad considering the selected issue as (quite) big obstacle to enrolment abroad (in %) Source: Hauschildt et al. (2015, p. 196) Perceived obstacles to international mobility

19. 19London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Additional financial burden Share of students who have not been enrolled abroad and do not plan to enrol abroad considering the selected issue as (quite) big obstacle to enrolment abroad (in %) Source: Hauschildt et al. (2015, p. 196) Perceived obstacles to international mobility

20. 20Hanover, 23 rd August 2010Consultation of the EUROSTUDENT network Obstacles beyond the individual perception

21. 21London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Data source: EUROSTUDENT Reference: Hauschildt, Gwosć, Netz, & Mishra (2015). Social and Economic Conditions of Student Life in Europe. Synopsis of Indicators. EUROSTUDENT V 2012–2015. Bielefeld: Bertelsmann. Social selectivity of international mobility

22. 22London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Social selectivity of international mobility Foreign enrolment rates by educational background Share of students with higher education background (in %) Source: Hauschildt et al. (2015, p. 193)

23. 23London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Foreign enrolment rates by educational background Share of students without higher education background (in %) Source: Hauschildt et al. (2015, p. 193) Social selectivity of international mobility

24. 24London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Source: Hauschildt et al. (2015, pp. 192-194, 207) Social selectivity of international mobility Enrolment abroad Foreign enrolment rate is higher among students with higher education background in all countries but Armenia, Serbia, and Ukraine Share of students still planning to study abroad is higher among students with higher education background in all covered countries Internship Share who realised an internship is higher among students with higher education background in all countries but Armenia and Norway Language course Share who realised a language course is higher among students with higher education background in all countries but Armenia, Lithuania, Norway, and Serbia

25. 25Hanover, 23 rd August 2010Consultation of the EUROSTUDENT network Determinants of international mobility according to multivariate research

26. 26London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Determinants of international mobility Data source: German School Leavers Survey 2010 Panel study on German upper secondary graduates’ past educational histories, actual motivations and future plans Every two/three years since 1976 (here: focus on 2010 cohort) Reference: Lörz, Netz, & Quast (submitted). Why do students from underprivileged families less often intend to study abroad?

27. 27London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Source: Lörz, Netz, & Quast (submitted)

28. 28London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Source: Lörz, Netz, & Quast (submitted)

29. 29London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Source: Lörz, Netz, & Quast (submitted)

30. 30London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Source: Lörz, Netz, & Quast (submitted)

31. 31London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Source: Lörz, Netz, & Quast (submitted)

32. 32London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Source: Lörz, Netz, & Quast (submitted)

33. 33London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Source: Lörz, Netz, & Quast (submitted)

34. 34Hanover, 23 rd August 2010Consultation of the EUROSTUDENT network Summary and conclusion

35. 35London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Summary and conclusion Mobility rates vary notably across countries  Advisable to have similar benchmarks and policies? Main motives for international mobility: improving career prospects, ‘experiencing oneself’ and language acquisition  What about the acquisition of genuinely academic knowledge and skills? Financial strain and social ties perceived as most critical obstacles  Further enhancement of funding and better information needed?  Will relevance of social ties increase as lifelong learning student populations get older?

36. 36London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Summary and conclusion Mobility is socially selective  Possibility of reaping benefits of mobility is unequally distributed across social groups  Compensatory measures needed? Both to further increase mobility rates and to decrease social selectivity, early- on interventions are needed  Stronger linkage of school policy and higher education policy needed?

37. 37London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz References Hauschildt, K., Gwosć, C., Netz, N., & Mishra, S. (2015). Social and Economic Conditions of Student Life in Europe. Synopsis of Indicators. EUROSTUDENT V 2012–2015. Bielefeld: Bertelsmann. Heublein, U., Hutzsch, C., Schreiber, J., & Sommer, D. (2011). Internationale Mobilität im Studium 2009. Ergebnisse einer Wiederholungsbefragung zu studienbezogenen Aufenthalten deutscher Studierender in anderen Ländern. Hannover: HIS. Lörz, M., Netz, N., & Quast, H. (submitted). Why do students from underprivileged families less often intend to study abroad? Netz, N. (2015). What deters students from studying abroad? Evidence from four European countries and its implications for higher education policy. Higher Education Policy, 28(2), 151–174.

38. 38Hanover, 23 rd August 2010Consultation of the EUROSTUDENT network Thank you for your attention! Nicolai Netz German Centre for Research on Higher Education and Science Studies (DZHW) +49-(0)511-1220-471 netz@dzhw.eu

39. 39London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Funding of enrolment abroad Primary source of funding for (most recent) enrolment abroad Share of students who have been enrolled abroad (in %) Source: Hauschildt et al. (2015, p. 199)

40. 40London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Funding of enrolment abroad Students utilising funds from their parents, family or partner for their (most recent) enrolment abroad by social background Share of students who have been enrolled abroad (in %) Source: Hauschildt et al. (2015, p. 200)

41. 41London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Recognition Recognition of credits gained during (most recent) enrolment abroad Share of students who have been enrolled abroad (in %) Source: Hauschildt et al. (2015, p. 201)

42. 42London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Recognition Recognition of credits gained during (most recent) enrolment abroad Share of students who have been enrolled abroad (in %) Source: Hauschildt et al. (2015, p. 201)

43. 43London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Internationalisation at home Domestic study programmes in foreign languages Share of students whose domestic study programme is mainly taught in a foreign language (in %) Source: Hauschildt et al. (2015, p. 202)

44. 44London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Source: Heublein et al. (2011, p. 8) Motives for international mobility Share of students who have been abroad considering an aspect as (very) important (in %)

45. 45London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Source: Lörz, Netz, & Quast (submitted)

46. 46London, 29/04/2015 Factors influencing ISMNicolai Netz Source: Lörz, Netz, & Quast (submitted)