1. Borders “Borders are not just hard territorial lines – they are institutions that result from bordering policies – they are thus about people... Bounded territories and borderlands are the outcome of the continual interactions and intersections between the actions of people (agency) within the constraints and limits placed by contextual and structural factors (structure).” Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel (2011) Borders, Borderlands and Theory: An Introduction, Geopolitics.

2. Borderlands Borderlands: areas within which the effects of borders are ‘felt’ (on both sides of the border) … … Not only by residents and travellers… … but also by the states Border => separation Borderland => overlap

3. “National borders are political constructs, imagined projections of territorial power. Although they appear on maps in deceptively precise forms, they reflect, at least initially, merely the mental images of politicians, lawyers, and intellectuals. Their practical consequences are often quite different. No matter how clearly borders are drawn on official maps, how many customs officials are appointed, or how many watchtowers are built, people will ignore borders whenever it suits them. In doing so, they challenge the political status quo of which borders are the ultimate symbol. People also take advantage of borders in ways that are not intended or anticipated by their creators. Revolutionaries hide behind them, seeking the protection of another sovereignty; local inhabitants cross them whenever services or products are cheaper or more attractive on the other side; and traders are quick to take advantage of price and tax differentials. Because of such unintended and often subversive consequences, border regions [borderlands] have their own social dynamics and historical development.” Michiel Baud, M and W. Van Schendel (1997) Toward a Comparative History of Borderlands. Journal of World History, 8(2): 211.

4. Borderland Basic example – Legally, US declares any location within 100 miles of the border a ‘port of entry’ – Checking by customs and border patrols at a laundromat

7. Bordering … not simply building borders US construction of US-Mexico “border wall”, 2008

10. Bordering Spatialized processes of ‘Othering’ that come to express sharp distinctions between entities Exercise of state sovereignty, incl. at great distances from the border itself

11. “Moving borders”: where do borders start and for who?

13. Reassure US public (domestic audience) Entice foreign public (international audience)

14. “First, we seek to use new information technology to renew America's welcome, making it as easy as possible for foreign visitors to travel to the United States and to do so securely and safely. Second, we seek to create travel documents for the 21st century, documents that can protect personal identity and expedite secure travel. The third pillar of our strategy is to conduct smarter screening in every place that we encounter travelers, whether at a consulate abroad or at a port of entry into the United States.”

15. ‘Border screening’ Profiling: ‘risk’ criteria definition Tracking: detecting through movements Connecting: relations between people and things Screening: systematic review (algorithms, etc…) Preventing: visa refusal Stopping: at border, before or beyond… => Where is the ‘border’?

16. Australia’s multi-layered border management Visa system (with alert checking) – Central Movement Alert List (CMAL) – statistical Risk Scoring System (RSS) => Security Referral Service => Australian Intelligence (ASIO) airline liaison officers (ALOs) network Advance Passenger Processing system (APP), which operates at check-in overseas Processing at Australian airports and seaports on arrival.

19. Alternative geopolitics of borders “Doctors without borders” “Humane borders”

20. Conclusions Borders are historically contingent and characterized by contextual features and power relations Borders are not simply the outer lines of territorial states but can be located “wherever selective controls are to be found” Borders need to be “performed” to exist

21. At home Think about your own border crossing experiences: how did you ‘perform’ the border (e.g. acting as the ‘safe citizen’)