1. Sensation and Perception
Chapter 3
Sensation and Perception
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

2. Chapter Preview How We Sense and Perceive the World The Visual System
The Auditory System
Other Senses
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

3. Sensation and Perception
Process of receiving stimulus energies from external environment
Perception
Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

4. Sensation & Perception: Processes
Bottom-Up Processing
Information about external environment
 Sensory receptors  Brain
Making sense of information
Top-Down Processing
Starts with cognitive processing at higher levels of brain
Video:
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

5. Sensation & Perception: Purpose
Adaptation
Improves a species’ chances for survival
An organism must be able to sense and respond quickly
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

6. Sensory Receptors and the Brain
Specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and brain
Openings through which the brain and nervous system experience the world
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

7. Figure 3.1- Human Senses
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

8. Sensation Photoreception Mechanoreception Chemoreception
Detection of light
Perceived as sight
Mechanoreception
Detection of pressure, vibration, and movement
Perceived as touch, hearing, and equilibrium
Chemoreception
Detection of chemical stimuli
Perceived as smell and taste
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

9. ‘Confused’ Senses Synaesthesia Phantom Limb Pain
One sense induces experience in another sense
Phantom Limb Pain
Reported pain in amputated arm or leg
Extrasensory perception (ESP)
Perception in absence of concrete sensory input
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

10. Thresholds Absolute threshold
Minimum amount of detectable stimulus energy
Difference threshold (Just noticeable difference)
Degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before difference is detected
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

11. Figure 3.4 - Approximate Absolute Thresholds for Five Senses
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

12. Thresholds Weber’s Law Subliminal Perception
Principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different
Subliminal Perception
Detection of information below level of conscious awareness
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

13. Signal Detection Theory
Theory of perception which focuses on decision-making about stimuli in presence of uncertainty
Possible outcomes:
Hit
Miss
False alarm
Correct rejection
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

14. Figure 3.5 - Four Outcomes in Signal Detection
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

15. Perception of Sensory Stimuli
Attention
Selective
Cocktail party effect
Shiftable
Novelty, size, color, movement
Inattentional blindness
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

16. Perception of Sensory Stimuli
Culture influences which stimuli we attend to as we perceive the world
Perceptual set
Predisposition or readiness to perceive something a particular way
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

17. Other Perceptual Phenomena
Sensory adaptation
Change in responsiveness of sensory system based on average level of surrounding stimulation
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

18. Is It Top-down or Bottom-up?
Susie sets up a disk to record her favorite television show.
Top-down or Bottom-up
Melissa’s mom is showing Rebecca how to make the family favorite of molasses cookies. She walks Rebecca through the recipe step-by-step.
Tim decides he is going to start a business of putting bicycles together. He reads the instructions carefully and follows them very closely.
It’s been two years and Tim’s bicycle business is doing very well. He can now go through five to eight bicycle assemblies a day without looking at any instructions.
Jeremy is in his first year of algebra and finds the problems very confusing. He finds that he needs to keep going back to the textbook and seeing what steps are next.
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

19. END part one
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

20. The Visual Stimulus Light Wavelength  Hue, or color
Form of electromagnetic energy
Wavelength  Hue, or color
Amplitude  Brightness
Purity  Saturation, or richness
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

21. Figure 3.6 - The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Visible Light
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

22. Structure of the Eye Sclera Iris Pupil White, outer part of eye
Helps maintain shape of eye
Protects eye from injury
Iris
Colored part of eye
Pupil
Opening in center of iris
Size controlled by muscles in iris
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

23. Structure of the Eye Cornea Lens
Clear membrane just in front of eye
Lens
Transparent, somewhat flexible, disk-like structure
The cornea and the lens both bend light falling on the surface of the eye just enough to focus it on the retina
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

24. Structure of the Eye Retina
Multilayered, light-sensitive surface at back of eye
Converts visual stimuli to neural impulses
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

25. Figure 3.9 - Parts of the Eye
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

26. Visual Receptor Cells
Cells on retina which convert electromagnetic energy into electrochemical impulses
Rods
Sensitive to light
Not very useful for color vision
Function well under low illumination
Cones
Used for color perception
Require more light than rods
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

27. Structure of the Eye: Retina
Fovea
Tiny area in center of retina at which vision is best
Contains only cones
Rods & cones  Bipolar cells  Ganglion cells  Optic nerve
Blind spot
Place on retina containing neither rods nor cones
Where optic nerve leaves eye
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

28. Figure 3.11 - Direction of Light in the Retina
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

29. Visual Processing Optic Nerve  Optic Chiasm  Visual Cortex
Optic nerve fibers divide at optic chiasm:
Left Visual Field  Right Hemisphere
Right Visual Field  Left Hemisphere
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

30. Figure 3.14 - Visual Pathways to and Through the Brain
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

31. Visual Processing Feature detectors Parallel processing Binding
Neurons in primary visual cortex that respond to particular features of a stimulus
Parallel processing
Simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways
Binding
Integration of what is processed by different pathways or cells
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

32. Color Vision: Trichromatic Theory
Three types of cones, sensitive to different (but overlapping) ranges of wavelength
Support includes:
Color matching
Color blindness
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

33. Color Vision: Opponent-Process Theory
Afterimages
Sensations that remain after stimulus is removed
Not explained by trichromatic theory
Explained by opponent-process theory
Visual system treats colors as complementary pairs
Conclusion: Both theories are correct
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

34. Perceiving Shape Contour Figure-ground relationship
Location at which sudden change of brightness occurs
Figure-ground relationship
Principle by which perceptual field is organized into stimuli that stand out (figure) and those left over (ground)
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

35. Perceiving Shape Gestalt psychology
School of thought interested in how people naturally organize perception according to certain patterns
‘Whole is different from sum of its parts’
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

36. Figure 3.18 - Reversible Figure-Ground Pattern
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

37. Figure 3.19 - Gestalt Principles of Closure, Proximity, and Similarity
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

38. Perceiving Depth Ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally
Binocular Cues  combined images from two eyes
Disparity
Convergence
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

39. Perceiving Depth Monocular Cues  available from image in one eye
Familiar size
Height in field of view
Linear perspective and relative size
Overlap
Shading
Texture gradient
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

40. Perceiving Motion Retinas of humans cannot detect movement
Neurons specialized to detect motion
Feedback from body
Environment rich in cues
Real movement
Apparent movement
Perception of stationary object as moving
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

41. Perceiving Constancy
Recognition that objects are constant even though sensory input is changing
Size constancy
Same size despite retinal image changes
Shape constancy
Same shape despite orientation changes
Color constancy
Same color despite light changes
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

42. The Nature of Sound Sound Wavelength  Frequency  Pitch
Vibrations in air processed by auditory system
Wavelength  Frequency  Pitch
Amplitude  Pressure  Loudness
Complexity  Saturation  Timbre
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

43. Figure 3.25 - Physical Difference in Sound Waves and the Qualities of Sound They Produce
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

44. Structure of the Ear Outer Ear  Collects and channels sound
Pinna
External Auditory Canal
Middle Ear  Channels sound to inner ear
Eardrum
Hammer, Anvil, & Stirrup
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

45. Structure of the Ear Inner Ear  Converts sound into neural impulses
Oval Window
Cochlea
Basilar Membrane  Hair Cells  Tectorial Membrane
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

46. Figure 3.26 – The Outer, Middle, and Inner Ear
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

47. Theories of Hearing Place theory Frequency theory
Each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot
Explains high-frequency, not low-frequency sounds
Frequency theory
Perception of frequency depends on how often auditory nerve fires
Single neurons have maximum firing rates
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

48. Theories of Hearing Volley principle Modification of frequency theory
Clusters of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in rapid succession
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

49. Auditory Processing Inner Ear  Auditory Nerve  Temporal Lobe
Most fibers cross over midline between hemispheres:
Left Ear  Right Hemisphere
Right Ear  Left Hemisphere
Some fibers go directly to same-side hemisphere
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

50. Localizing Sound Each ear receives somewhat different stimuli
Distance  Timing
Sound Shadow  Intensity
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

51. Other Senses Skin (Cutaneous) Chemical Touch Temperature Pain Smell
Taste
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

52. Other Senses Kinesthetic Vestibular
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

53. The Skin (Cutaneous) Senses
Touch
Mechanical energy, or pressure, against skin
Temperature
Warm and cold sensory nerve endings, or thermoreceptors
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

54. The Skin (Cutaneous) Senses
Pain
Widely-dispersed receptors with much higher thresholds for different types of physical stimuli (e.g., pressure, heat)
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

55. Pain Prostaglandins Neural pathways to brain
Stimulate pain receptors and cause experience of pain
Neural pathways to brain
Fast Pathway  Directly to thalamus
Slow Pathway  Through limbic system
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

56. Pain
Endorphins
Neurotransmitters involved in turning pain signals on/off
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

57. Chemical Senses: Taste
Detecting chemicals dissolved in saliva
Papillae
Bumps on surface of tongue
Contain taste buds, receptors for taste
Four taste qualities: sweet, sour, bitter, salty
Taste fibers respond to range of chemicals spanning multiple taste elements
Umami
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

58. Chemical Senses: Smell
Detecting airborne chemicals
Olfactory epithelium
Lines roof of nasal cavity
Contains sheet of receptor cells
Neural pathway
Olfactory areas of temporal lobe  Limbic system
Superhighway to emotion & memory
Interpersonal attraction & MHC genes
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

59. Figure 3.30 - The Olfactory Sense
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

60. Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses
Kinesthetic sense
Information about movement, posture, orientation
Vestibular sense
Information about balance, movement
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

61. Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses
Proprioceptive feedback
Information about relative position of limbs and body
Semicircular canals
Contain sensory receptors to detect head motion
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.