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Human Aggression and Violence
CHAPTER 5 Human Aggression and Violence
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Aggression The basic ingredient in violent crime
Is human aggression instinctive, biological, learned, or some combination of these characteristics? The methods designed to control, reduce, or eliminate aggressive behavior will differ depending on perspective
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How is Aggression Defined?
Difficult to define Which concepts and behaviors to include and exclude Passive-aggressive behavior Intention is aggressive, behavior is passive and indirect Irrelevant to study of crime, since doesn’t often manifest directly in violent or antisocial behavior
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Buss’s Varieties of Aggression
Active Passive Direct Indirect Physical Punching/ Hitting Practical joke, booby trap Obstructingpassage Refusing to perform necessary task Verbal Insulting victim Malicious gossip Refusing to speak Refusing consent
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Two Types of Aggression
Hostile Aggression Expressive Instrumental Aggression
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Two Types of Aggression Hostile Aggression
Intense and disorganizing emotion of anger in response to anger- inducing conditions The aggressor’s goal is to make a victim suffer Most criminal homicides, rapes, and other violent crimes directed at harming the victim
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Two Types of Aggression Instrumental Aggression
The desire for some object or status possessed by another person Robbery, burglary, larceny, and various white-collar crimes No intent to harm unless one interferes with objective
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Definition of Aggression
Behavior perpetrated or attempted with the intention of harming another individual physically or psychologically, or to destroy an object Behavior may not necessarily qualify as criminal
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Definition of Violence
Destructive physical aggression intentionally directed at harming other persons or objects May be methodical or random, sustained or fleeting, intensive or uncontrolled
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Theoretical Perspectives of Aggression
Psychodynamic Ethological Evolutionary psychology Frustration-aggression hypothesis Social Learning Excitation theory Displaced aggression theory Cognitive models
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Theoretical Perspectives of Aggression Psychodynamic
Humans susceptible to aggressive energy from birth Hydraulic model » Aggressive energy must be drained off or will build up to dangerous levels In order to control violence, individuals must be provided with multiple but appropriate channels for catharsis
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Theoretical Perspectives of Aggression Ethological
Inherited instinct of both humans and animals to defend territory that ensures sufficient food, water, space and reproduction Territoriality Ritualized Aggression Evolved into evolutionary psychology
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Theoretical Perspectives of Aggression Evolutionary Psychology
The evolution of behavior using the principles of natural selection Aggression normal, not pathological Researchers have found little evidence to support perspective
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Berkowitz » Frustration increases probability of aggression
Theoretical Perspectives of Aggression Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis Individuals who are frustrated, thwarted, annoyed, or threatened will behave aggressively Berkowitz » Frustration increases probability of aggression Weapons effect
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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Interpretation Learning history Aggression- eliciting stimuli Frustration Anger Goal No aggression
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Other Theoretical Perspectives of Aggression
Cognitive-neoassociation model Berkowitz emphasis on cognitive factors Excitation transfer theory Physiological arousal dissipates over time Displaced aggression theory The individual can not aggress against source of provocation but able to be aggressive toward innocent target
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Road Rage An incident in which an angry, impatient, or aroused motorist intentionally injures or kills, or tries to injure or kill, another motorist, passenger, or pedestrian, in response to a traffic dispute, altercation, or grievance Provocation may be real or imagined
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Aggressive Driving The result of a motorist becoming impatient or frustrated Often not the direct result of the behavior of another motorist Usually considered less serious than road rage
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Who are the Road Ragers? Young males, ages 18–35
Criminal and violent histories Psychiatric problems Drug or alcohol problems
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Social Learning Theory
A child has many opportunities to observe aggression, is reinforced for his or her own aggression, or is the object of aggression Biological structures can set limits on the types of aggressive responses that can be learned, this influences the rate at which learning progresses
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Social Learning Factors Modeling
Bobo doll experiment Three major types of models (Bandura): Family members Members of one’s subculture Symbolic models provided by the mass media Observation modeling
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Cognitive Models of Aggression Cognitive Scripts
Learned and memorized through daily experiences, direct or observed Unique to each person, but once established it becomes resistant to change and may persist into adulthood Must be rehearsed Easily retrieved and utilized when the individual faces a problem
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Cognitive Models of Aggression Hostile Attribution Bias
The tendency to interpret ambiguous actions as hostile and threatening Develops in pre-school and remains stable throughout adulthood Childhood exposure to abuse and maltreatment An attempt to control and dominate environment Exists along a continuum
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Two Types of Aggression
Overt Aggression Covert Aggression Direct confrontation Decreases with age Anger, high arousal Lack of social cognitions Begins early Sly, underhanded Increases with age Less emotion Reliance on cognitive capabilities May evolves as well-learned strategy to escape punishment
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Two Forms of Aggression
Reactive Aggression Proactive Aggression A hostile act displayed in response to a perceived threat or provocation Lack of control Anger expressions, temper tantrums, and vengeful hostility Less emotional Driven by expectations of rewards Bullying, domination, teasing, name-calling
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Gender Differences in Aggression
Males and females equally physically aggressive as toddlers Boys more overtly aggressive in elementary school Girls more covert Relational aggression Cultural and socialization processes promote different kinds of aggression
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Media and Violence The research community is sharply divided on the long-term effects of violent media on aggressive behavior
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Media and Violence Television and Movies
Research suggests that portrayals of violence on television and movies may have a significant effect on the frequency and type of aggressive and violent behavior expressed by America’s youth
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Media and Violence Contagion Effect
Copycat effect Tendency in some people to model or copy an activity portrayed in the entertainment or news media Teen suicide School shootings
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Media and Violence Video Games
Violent video games may be one risk factor, and when coupled with other risk factors, may contribute to antisocial or even violent behavior It is unlikely that video games directly contribute to adulthood homicide and excessive aggression
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Displaced aggression theory Evolutionary psychology
Chapter 5 Key Concepts Displaced aggression theory Evolutionary psychology Excitation transfer theory Frustration-aggression hypothesis Hostile aggression Hostile attribution bias Aggressive driving Cognitive-neoassociation model Cognitive scripts model Contagion effect (copycat effect) Cybercrime Difference-in-degree
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Ritualized aggression Road rage Rumination Territoriality Theory
Chapter 5 Key Concepts Reactive aggression Ritualized aggression Road rage Rumination Territoriality Theory Weapons effect Hostile attribution model Instrumental aggression Passive-aggressive behaviors Proactive aggression Psychodynamic model (hydraulic model)
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