1. Unit 3 – Chapter 11 11.1 Plants are adapted to living on land
11.2 Most mosses & ferns live in moist places
11.3 Seeds and pollen are reproductive adaptations
11.4 Many plants reproduce with flowers & fruits

2. Plants are adapted to land
Chapter 11.1 – Plants
Plants are adapted to land

3. 11.1 Plants are adapted to land
Plants are a diverse group of organisms
Come in all shapes/sizes
Found in all types of environments
260,000 different species
Plants have certain characteristics
Multi-cellular organisms
Organized w/nucleus & cell wall
Producers (convert light into chemical energy)
Life cycles have 2 stages or generations

4. 11.1 Plant parts are specialized
Plants have 2 main systems (below=root system; above ground=stem, leaf system)
Roots take in water and nutrients from the soil
Stem system delivers these raw materials to the leaves which use them along with photosynthesis to make the sugar/starch (C02) compounds which are then delivered to the rest of the plant.

5. 11.1 More on Specialized Functions
Water and other materials are transported
Stems and Vascular tissue transport water, nutrients, & compounds
Vascular Tissue uses long tubelike cells that run from roots to leaves.
Plant Xylem is tissue that carries water and dissolved nutrients from the roots. (Fibrous, long, hollow, slightly larger than Phloem)
Phloem is tissue that transports energy-rich materials down from the leaves. (Fibrous, long, hollow, slightly smaller than Xylem)
Both Xylem and Phloem help give plant its structure.

6. 11.1 Making Sugars
Photosynthesis – Plant process which is a series of chemical reactions that capture and convert light energy into chemical energy
CO2 + Water + Sunlight F Sugar + O2
Takes place in the plant’s chloroplasts (organelles which contain chlorophyll) which are in the leaves.
Stomata – tiny bottom of the leaf where CO2 enters and O2 leaves the plant
Vascular tissue (center part of leaf) carries water,etc.

7. 11.1 Gas Exchange
Plants must balance CO2 and water levels in order to photosynthesize
When stomata allow CO2 to enter, O2 to exit, and water to evaporate
Movement of water vapor out of the stomata is called transpiration
Cuticle waxy protective leaf cover which helps plants retain moisture. Closed stomata help keep moisture in.

8. 11.1 Other plant adaptations
In plants, stomata open & close to retain moisture in response to dryness or heat (temp) in the environment.
Cactus has fleshy stem for water storage and its needles (which are actually leaves) are narrow to help retain moisture & avoid heat.
Storing carbohydrates in roots is another (beets, carrots, potato, etc.)

9. 11.1 Plants grow continuously
Plants grow as long as they live (whether 1 season or many years).
Grow bigger when cells at tips of roots and stems divide and multiply.
Roots and stems can grow: longer, thicker, branch out, divide
Only stems grow leaves from “bud” tissue
Stem functions: vascular system for transport, fibers for support and shape, sugar storage

10. 11.1 Plant Stems - Soft Soft Stems
soft stems & leaves of flowers & veggies often die off in cold weather, heat, or drought
These plants survive using carbs. stored in their roots.
When environ. Provides needed warmth, water, light, etc. plant re-grows stems & leaves.

11. 11.1 Plant Stems – Woody Woody Stems – Trees (trees/shrubs) do not
die out each year
Stems grow longer & thicker
They develop a type of tough xylem tissue (wood!) near their outer surface of the stem right under the bark which is not found in soft stemmed plants