1. The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation

2. Respiratory Zone Figure 16.3 (3 of 3)
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3. Respiratory Bronchioles and Alveoli
Figure 16.4b
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4. Anatomy of the Respiratory Zone
Figure 16.5a
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5. Anatomy of the Respiratory Zone
Figure 16.5b
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6. Anatomy of the Respiratory Zone
Figure 16.5c
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7. Anatomy of the Respiratory Zone
Figure 16.5d
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8. Blood Supply to the Lungs
Figure 16.6
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9. Chest Wall and Pleural Sac
Figure 16.7
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10. Role of Pressure in Pulmonary Ventilation
Air moves in and out of lungs by bulk flow
Pressure gradient drives flow
Air moves from high to low pressure
Inspiration—pressure in lungs less than atmosphere
Expiration—pressure in lungs greater than atmosphere
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11. Pulmonary Pressures Figure 16.8a–b
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12. Pneumothorax
Figure 16.9
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13. Muscles of Breathing Figure 16.11b
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14. Neural Aspects of Inspiration
Figure 16.12
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15. Volume and Pressure Changes
Figure 16.13
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16. Effects of Airway Resistance Increase
Figure 16.14
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17. Spirometry
Figure 16.15
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18. Spirometry Measurements
Figure 16.16
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19. Pulmonary Function Tests: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
Maximum volume inhale followed by exhale as fast as possible
Low FVC indicates restrictive pulmonary disease
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20. Pulmonary Function Tests: Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
Percentage of FVC that can be exhaled within certain time frame
FEV1 = percent of FVC that can be exhaled within 1 second
Normal FEV1 = 80%
If FVC = 4000 ml, should expire 3200 ml in 1 sec
FEV1 < 80% indicates obstructive pulmonary disease
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21. Minute Ventilation
Total volume of air entering and leaving respiratory system each minute
Minute ventilation = VT x RR
Normal respiration rate = 12 breaths/min
Normal VT = 500 mL
Normal minute ventilation =
500 mL x 12 breaths/min = 6000 mL/min
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22. Dead Space and Ventilation
Fresh air
“Old air”
Alveolus
Conducting
zone
(anatomical
dead space)
Expiration
Inspiration
Exchange with blood
CO2 O2
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 16.17
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23. Alveolar Ventilation
Volume of air reaching the gas exchange areas per minute
Alveolar ventilation =
(VT x RR) – (DSV x RR)
Normal = 4200 mL/min
(500 mL/br x 12 br/min) – (150 mL/br X 12 br/min)
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24. Respiratory Rate and Ventilation
Table 16.1
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