1. Water Resources Essential uses for sustaining life in all its forms Breck Bowden Patrick Professor of Watershed Science & Planning Rubenstein School of Environment & Natural Resources http://www.uvm.edu/~wbowden

2. Take Home Messages Water is a wonderfully strange compound. We use a lot of water, often without knowing it. Water management is an issue of critical importance: the Stormwater example. Why use a ‘watershed’ approach?

3. Unusual characteristics of water Why is it possible to skate on ice? [key concept: phases] Why don’t lakes freeze from the bottom? [key concept: density] To Water Use To Water Quality

4. The ‘phases’ of water Pressure (atmospheres) 10,000 1,000 100 10 1.01.001.0001 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Liquid Solid Vapor Temperature (degrees Celsius) Sea level Denver

5. The ‘phases’ of water Pressure (atmospheres) 10,000 1,000 100 10 1.01.001.0001 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Liquid Solid Vapor Temperature (degrees Celsius) Gutterson Field House 1 atmosphere = ~14.7 lbs per square inch 1 hockey player weighs about 190 lbs 1 hockey blade is about 10” long and <0.01” wide = <0.1 square inches  applied pressure is 190 lbs/0.1 in 2 = 1900 psi = ~130 atms Denver Sea level Hockey player Dull skates Glaciers

6. The ‘phases’ of water Pressure (atmospheres) 10,000 1,000 100 10 1.01.001.0001 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Liquid Solid Vapor Temperature (degrees Celsius) Gutterson Field House Most other substances Denver Sea level Return to Characteristics Continue

7. Why do some objects float? Mass is not the same thing as weight Density = mass/volume (g/cm 3 ) >=<=

8. Why don’t lakes freeze from the bottom up? 15 o C 10 o C

9. Why don’t lakes freeze from the bottom up? 12 o C 10 o C

10. Why don’t lakes freeze from the bottom up? 10 o C

11. Why don’t lakes freeze from the bottom up? 3.97 o C 10 o C

12. Why don’t lakes freeze from the bottom up? 3.97 o C

13. Why don’t lakes freeze from the bottom up? 1 o C 3.97 o C

14. Why don’t lakes freeze from the bottom up? 0 o C 3.97 o C

15. The basic structure of water

16. Density changes with phase Free molecules in liquidFixed molecules in solid Return to Characteristics Continue

17. We often ‘use’ water without realizing it Miller (2004) Fig. 13.6, p. 298 1 automobile 1 kilogram cotton 1 kilogram aluminum 1 kilogram grain-fed beef 1 kilogram rice 1 kilogram corn 1 kilogram paper 1 kilogram steel 400,000 liters (106,000 gallons) 10,500 liters (2,400 gallons) 9,000 liters (2,800 gallons) 7,000 liters (1,900 gallons) 5,000 liters (1,300 gallons) 1,500 liters (400 gallons) 880 liters (230 gallons) 220 liters (60 gallons)

18. Typical Water Use in the Home How much water do you use?

19. Water Use Trends in the US In Vermont: 187 gal/person/day (USGS data)

20. Water Use World Wide Assessment & Forecast UNESCO (2000)

21. We use more water than most Environment Canada (http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/e_main.html)

22. What is the incentive to conserve? Environment Canada (http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/e_main.html)

23. We pay less for water than almost anyone else Environment Canada (http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/e_main.html)

24. Where do we get the water we use? USGS Water Science Web Site

25. Where does all the water go? Miller (2004) Fig. 19.5, p. 482 Discharge of untreated municipal sewage (nitrates and phosphates) Nitrogen compounds produced by cars and factories Discharge of treated municipal sewage (primary and secondary treatment: nitrates and phosphates) Discharge of detergents ( phosphates) Natural runoff (nitrates and phosphates Manure runoff From feedlots (nitrates and Phosphates, ammonia) Dissolving of nitrogen oxides (from internal combustion engines and furnaces) Runoff and erosion (from from cultivation, mining, construction, and poor land use) Runoff from streets, lawns, and construction lots (nitrates and phosphates) Lake ecosystem nutrient overload and breakdown of chemical cycling Stormwater

26. Take Home Messages Water is a wonderfully strange compound. We use a lot of water, often without knowing it. Water management is an issue of critical importance: the Stormwater example. Why use a ‘watershed’ approach?

27. USGS’s Water Science Web Site EPA’s Surf Your Watershed EPA’s Watershed Academy Lake Champlain Basin Program (Atlas) Useful Websites http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/wacademy/ http://cfpub.epa.gov/surf/locate/index.cfm http://wwwga.usgs.gov/edu/mwater.html http://www.lcbp.org/

28. Thank you!