1. Chapter 5 Outline Formal definition of CSP CSP Examples
Backtracking search for CSPs
Problem structure and problem decomposition
Local search for CSPs

2. Constraint Satisfaction Problems
World state: well defined set of variables Vi with domain Di
Goal test: satisfy a set of constraints that specify allowable combinations of values for subsets of variables
Depth first search appropriate – path doesn’t matter, only goal state, maximum depth fixed at n, the number of variables, select 1 variable to branch on at each level of the tree
Backtracking: once a constraint is violated there is no point looking further
Forward checking: reduce branching factor by “shrinking” domains of un-set variables to reflect constraints imposed by already set variables. Backtrack if any un-set variables domain is empty

3. Formal Definition: CSP
Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP)
Set of Variables: X1, X2, X3, … Xn
Each Xi has a non-empty domain Di of possible values, vi.
Set of Constraints: C1, C2, … Cn
Each Ci has a subset of variables specifying the combination of vi’s.

4. Constraint Satisfaction Problems
A problem state or assignment is represented by:
{Xi = vi, Xj = vi, ...}
An assignment is consistent if no constraints are violated.
Constraint Graph
Nodes represent variables
Arcs represent constraints

5. Simple CSPs CSPs with discrete variables and finite domains.
Map-coloring (graph coloring)
SAT (3SAT) (NP-Complete)
N-Queens

6. Question
Any CSP can be reformulated into the standard notation (Set of Variables: X1, X2, X3, … Xn, Set of Constraints: C1, C2, … Cn, Bla bla)
Why would we do that?
Successor and goal test can be written in a generic way.
Can develop generic heuristics that work for all CSPs.
Structure of constraint graph can be taken advantage of to simplify solution process – exponentially for some cases.

7. CSP Example Graph coloring is a good example of a CSP.
Graphs are also good for representing constraints!
Assume we can use the colors {red, blue, yellow}
Can we color the graph such that each adjacent node has a different color?
Let’s choose blue for X1? X1 X2
What if we connect
X5 to X2?
What color can we
choose for X2? X3 X5
Now what can we
choose for X3?
Does it matter what
color we choose for
X4? X4
What about X5?

8. CSP Example What happens if we only have two colors {red, blue}?
Does adding the link between
X2 and X5 change the problem? X1 X2 X3 X5 X4

9. Types of Constraints Unary Constraint Binary Constraint
Constrains the value of a single variable.
Binary Constraint
Relates two variables.
N-ary Constraint
Relates multiple variables.
Preference Constraint
Indicate preferred solutions.
Objective Function – maximize/minimize

10. More complex CSPs Discrete variables with infinite domains.
For example, a set of integers.
Characteristic of such problems
Cannot enumerate all variable combinations.
Requires a constraint language.
Continuous Domains
Example, linear progamming.
No algorithm for general nonlinear constraints on integer variables

11. CSP Search Approach: Backtracking
A depth-first search that chooses values for one variable at a time and backtracks when a variable has no legal values left to assign is a backtracking search.

12. Questions to address Which variable should we choose for assignment?
What order should we assign values?
What are the implications of the current variable assignments on the other unassigned variables?
When a path fails, how do we avoid repeating the failure on subsequent paths?

13. Which variable to assign?
Standard backtracking uses some arbitrary/fixed ordering and simply assigns the next available variable.
It is rare that this is efficient.
Is there a way to chose the variable with the fewest “legal” values?

14. Which variable to assign?
Minimum remaining values (MRV)
Simply select the variable with the fewest “legal” values.
If a variable has no legal values, then MRV selects the variable and the failure is immediately detected.
Can be implemented by changing the selection criteria of backtracking search.

15. Which variable to assign?
MRV is useful if you have already started the search.
But how is the first variable chosen?
Degree Heuristic
Choose the variable involved with the largest number of constraints with other unassigned variables.
Can also be used as a tie-breaker in all other situations.

16. Which variable to assign?
Degree Heuristic X1 X2
Which Variable has the
largest number of
constraints? X3 X5 X4

17. Choosing a value to assign
Chose the value that rules out the fewest choices for the neighboring variables in the constraint graph. (Least-Constraining-Value)
Attempts to provide maximum flexibility for remaining variable assignments

18. What are the implications of an assignment?
Can we reduce the search space by looking at constraints earlier in the search process?
Forward Checking
Constraint Propagation

19. Forward Checking
When variable X is assigned, check each unassigned variable Y connected to X by a constraint.
Delete from Y’s domain any value that is inconsistent with the value assigned to X.

20. Constraint Propagation
Propagate the implications of a constraint on one variable onto other variables.
Must be able to do this quickly.
Why?

21. Arc Consistency Requires a directed arc in the consistency graph.
Provides early detection of inconsistencies.
Must be applied repeatedly to detect ALL constraints.

24. Arc Consistency Check Algorithm
AC3(CSP, queue)
while(!queue.empty())
(xi, xj) = queue.dequeue()
if(removeInconsistantValues(xi, xj)
for each xk in neighbors[xi]
queue.add(xk, xj)
removeInconsistantValues(xi, xj)
removed = false
for each v  domain[xi]
if !(w)((v,w) satisfies constraint (xi, xj))
domain[xi] = domain[xi] – v
removed=true
return removed

25. K-Consistency
A CSP is k-consistent if for any set of k – 1 variables and for any constraint assignment to those variables, a consistent value can always be assigned to any kth value.

26. K-Consistency Node Consistency (1-Consistency)
Each individual variable is consistent.
2-Consistency = arc consistency
Path Consistency (3-Consistency)
Any pair of adjacent variables can always be extended to a third neighboring variable.
Stronger consistency checks require more processing time but reduce the branching factor and detection of inconsistencies.

27. Special Constraints AllDiff – All variables must have distinct values.
To satisfy this constraint for m variables and n values, n >= m. Why?
Resource (atmost) constraint
Define an atmost constraint value and then add the minimum values of the current domains.
The sum must be less than or equal to the constraint value.

28. How is repeating failures avoided?
Chronological backtracking
Backs up to the most recent decision point and tries a different value for it.

29. Chronological BacktrackingX1 X2 X3 X5
Simple backtracking takes
us to X5. What happens? X4
Back up to the conflict set
The variables that caused the problem.
Typically the set for X is the set of previously assigned variables connected to X by constraints.

30. Backjumping
Backtracks to the most recent variable in the conflict set.
Every branch pruned by backjumping is also pruned by forward checking.

31. Conflict-directed backjumping
Modify backjumping to use conflict sets that include not only the variables with a direct conflict but also any subsequent variables with no consistent solution.
Look backwards and expand the conflict set.

32. Conflict-Directed Backjumping
Let Xj be the current variable, and let conf(Xj) be its conflict set. If every possible value for Xj fails, backjump to the most recent variable Xi in conf (Xj), and set conf (Xi) conf(Xi) conf(Xj) – {Xi}.
Does this stop us from making the same mistake in another branch of the same tree?

33. Local Search Section 4.3 discussed local search algorithms.
Can be quite effective for CSP.
Fairly efficient
Can be used on-line when a problem changes.