1. Commercial vegetable cultivation in India & SE Asia Derek Eaton, LEI Wageningen International CD&IC Seminar “Scrutinizing Success and Failure in Development” 3rd December 2007

2. 1. Hybrid vegetable cultivation High growth in many countries of SE Asia in last 15 years High-value horticultural crop Domestic market Varieties of local vegetables hybridized by small- scale private sector breeders Bitter gourd, chili peppers, eggplants, onions, etc. Marketing and extension undertaken by seed companies

3. 2. Institutional Change Farmers becoming more commercialised, integrated into market economy Change from using local seed to (partly) purchasing seed from company agents Wealthier farmers with larger holdings and better access to resources benefit more than others

4. 3. Institutional Change & Capacity Development Informal norms Develop trust in seed company agent Demonstration farmers? Formal rules (laws, contracts) - Hybrid seed production requires contract farming - IPRs (Plant breeders’ rights) Government agencies? OrganizationsNew ways of diffusing knowledge Extension services?

5. Theories of Change, Institutional Change & Capacity Development Can we understand enough about this process to think about replicability or transferability?