1. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 19 Analyzing Qualitative Data

2. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Qualitative Analysis Styles Template analysis style Editing analysis style Immersion/crystallization style

3. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Qualitative Analysis Process Comprehending Synthesizing Theorizing Recontextualizing

4. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tasks in Qualitative Data Management and Organization Transcribing the data Developing a categorization scheme Coding qualitative data Organizing qualitative data –Manual methods of organization –Computerized methods of organization

5. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins General Analytic Overview—Some Analytic Steps Identify themes Search for patterns among themes, variations in the data Develop charting devices, timelines Validate themes, patterns Calculate quasi-statistics Integrate thematic pieces

6. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Spradley’s 12-Step Ethnographic Method 1.Locating an informant 2.Interviewing an informant 3.Making an ethnographic record 4.Asking descriptive questions 5.Analyzing ethnographic interviews 6.Making a domain analysis (1 st level of analysis)

7. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Spradley’s 12-Step Ethnographic Method (cont’d) 7.Asking structural questions 8.Making a taxonomic analysis (2 nd level) 9.Asking contrast questions 10.Making a componential analysis (3 rd level) 11.Discovering cultural themes, theme analysis (4 th level) 12.Writing the ethnography

8. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Phenomenological Analysis Three broad schools of phenomenology: 1.Duquesne school of phenomenology (descriptive phenomenology)  Colaizzi  Giorgi  Van Kaam

9. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Phenomenological Analysis (cont’d) 2.Utrecht school of phenomenology (descriptive and interpretive)  Van Manen 3.Heideggerian hermeneutics (interpretive)  Diekelmann, Allen, and Tanner

10. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Colaizzi’s Method 1.Read all protocols, get a feeling for them 2.Extract significant statements 3.Spell out meaning of each significant statement 4.Organize formulated meanings into clusters of themes

11. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Colaizzi’s Method (cont’d) 5.Integrate results into exhaustive description of phenomenon 6.Formulate exhaustive description of phenomenon into unequivocal statement of identification 7.Validate by asking participants about findings

12. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Grounded Theory Analysis Uses constant comparative method of analysis Two competing grounded theory strategies:  Glaser and Strauss  Strauss and Corbin

13. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Coding in Glaser and Strauss’ Approach 1.Substantive codes Open codes—end when core category is identified  Level I (in vivo) codes  Level II codes  Level III codes Selective codes—codes relating to core category only 2. Theoretical codes

14. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Examples of Families of Theoretical Codes (Glaser) 1.The six Cs: Causes, contexts, contingencies, consequences, covariances, and conditions 2.Process: Stages, phases, passages, transitions 3.Degree: Intensity, range, grades, continuum 4.Strategy: Tactics, techniques, maneuverings 5.Interaction: Mutual effects, interdependence, reciprocity

15. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Selected Criteria for Deciding on a Core Category (Glaser) 1.It must be central, i.e., related to many categories 2.It must reoccur frequently in the data 3.It takes more time to saturate than other categories 4.It has clear and grabbing implications for formal theory

16. Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Strauss and Corbin’s Method of Grounded Theory Three Types of Coding Open coding Axial coding Selective coding—deciding on the central (or core) category