1. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 1 Regulating Online Speech Week 3 - January 29, 31

2. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 2 Administrivia Questions about the quiz (plagiarism)? Questions about proper citations and avoiding plagiarism? Homework #2 now posted http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc- sp07/homework/hw2.html http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc- sp07/homework/hw2.html

3. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 3 Homework 1 discussion How would your life be different without computers?

4. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 4 CMU Libraries (http://www.library.cmu.edu) http://www.library.cmu.edu Engineering and Science (a.k.a. E&S) Location: 4 th floor, Wean Hall Subjects: Computer Science, Engineering, Mathematics, Physics, Science, Technology Hunt (CMU’s main library) Location: its own building (possibly 2 nd ugliest on campus behind Wean), between Tepper and Baker Subjects: Arts, Business, Humanities, Social Sciences Software Engineering Institute (a.k.a. SEI) Location: 4500 5 th Avenue Subjects: “Security, Software, Technology” Research and Communication Skills

5. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 5 Coolest Thing in CMU Libraries Posner Memorial Collection at Posner Center Rare books Early prints of famous works Original copy of the Bill of Rights Research and Communication Skills

6. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 6 START HERE: Cameo Cameo is CMU’s online library catalog Catalogs everything CMU has – books, journals, periodicals, multimedia, etc. Search Cameo online at http://cameo.library.cmu.edu http://cameo.library.cmu.edu Research and Communication Skills

7. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 7 Research and Communication Skills If it’s not in Cameo, but you need it today: Local Libraries Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh http://www.carnegielibrary.org/index.html University of Pittsburgh Libraries http://pittcat.pitt.edu/ http://pittcat.pitt.edu/

8. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 8 If it’s not in Cameo, and you can wait: ILLiad and E-ZBorrow ILLiad and E-ZBorrow are catalogs of resources available for Interlibrary Loan from other libraries nationwide (ILLiad) and in Pennsylvania (E-ZBorrow) Order items online (almost always free) Wait for delivery – average 10 business days Find links to ILLiad and E-ZBorrow online catalogs at http://www.library.cmu.edu/Services/ILL/ http://www.library.cmu.edu/Services/ILL/ Research and Communication Skills

9. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 9 Special needs: Other Useful Databases Links to these and many more databases available at http://www.library.cmu.edu/Search/AZ.html Lexis-Nexis Massive catalog of legal sources – law journals, case law, news stories, etc. IEEE and ACM journal databases IEEE Xplore and ACM Digital Library INSPEC database Huge database of scientific and technical papers Research and Communication Skills

10. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 10 And of course… Reference librarians are available at all CMU libraries, and love to help people find what they need – just ask! Research and Communication Skills

11. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 11 Bill of Rights First Amendment Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

12. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 12 The Internet can’t be censored “The Net treats censorship as damage and routes around it.” - John Gillmore

13. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 13 Cartoon dogs are anonymous on the Internet

14. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 14 Real dogs are anonymous on the Internet too!

15. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 15 Actually, none of this is true It is easy to adopt a pseudonym or a persona on the Internet, but it is difficult to be truly anonymous Identities can usually be revealed with cooperation of ISP, local sys-admins, web logs, phone records, etc. The Internet can put up a good fight against censorship, but in the end there is still a lot of Internet censorship Repressive governments and intellectual property lawyers have been pretty successful at getting Internet content removed

16. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 16 Communications Decency Act Title V of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 Prohibited Internet distribution of indecent or patently offensive material to minors Created restrictions for the Internet similar to broadcast media Introduced by Sen. James Exon (D-Nebraska) Cited Marty Rimm study http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/6095/articles/cda/saga.html Immediately challenged in court Supreme Court struck down CDA in 1997 (Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union)

17. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 17 Opposition to the CDA Over-broad, vague, unenforceable CDA includes “indecency standard” Obscenity and child pornography are already illegal to distribute (child pornography is also illegal to possess) Obscenity - Miller test:  Whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest,  Whether the work depicts/describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable state law,  Whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. But indecency is defined in CDA as “any comment, request, suggestion, proposal, image, or other communications, that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards, sexual or excretory activities or organs.”  What community do we look at when regulating the Internet? Internet should not be regulated like broadcast Law would chill free speech Internet filters are a better solution

18. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 18 Support for the CDA Senator James Exon (D-Nebraska), sponsor of Bill: Need to protect children from online pornography Laws that restrict selling porn to children in other media should apply to the Internet Filters are not sufficient Parents may not be able to figure out how to use them Children may access computers away from home

19. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 19 Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS) Developed by the World Wide Web Consortium Specification for associating metadata with Internet content Supports self-labels and third-party labels Supports the development of many rating systems Implemented in MS Internet Explorer and other products

20. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 20 How technology tools work Person or tool classifies content For what age group is it appropriate? Is it educational? Is it fun? Tool takes an action Suggest Search Inform Monitor Warn Block Internet content Web Usenet Email Chat Gopher FTP

21. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 21 Who does the classification? Third-party experts Automated tools Local administrators Content providers Survey or vote

22. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 22 Classification scheme Good for kids Bad for kids Characteristics of content Age suitability Who created content

23. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 23 Rating systems and vocabularies Math Science English Spelling History French Spanish Gym Art Music Drama A B B+ D- C A- F A+ B- C B

24. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 24 Descriptive versus subjective Many variables Few variables SubjectiveDescriptive simple complex

25. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 25 Can’t derive descriptive from subjective Characters not well developed Gratuitous sex and violence ? Bad acting? Boring plot? Bad script? Dull characters? Unbelievable premise? Unoriginal? Too much violence? Not enough violence?

26. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 26

27. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 27 Scope Web sites FTP, gopher, etc. Chat Instant messaging Newsgroups Email Telnet

28. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 28 Actions Suggest Inform Search Monitor Block Warn

29. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 29 Mechanisms and interface Location Updates Customizability Other features

30. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 30 Where are the tools located? Personal computer Server LAN or local proxy Remote proxy Internet service provider Search engine Web site

31. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 31 Updates How are tools updated? Manual updates required Automatic updates No updates required

32. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 32 Customizability Action Allow and block list elements Categories of content Words and phrases Time of day Policies for each user

33. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 33 Other features Time limits Separate settings for each child Protect parents’ files Block individual words and pictures vs. full page or whole site Explanation of why blocked vs. silent blocking

34. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 34 Discussion Diversity of tools in the marketplace is important Need for increased transparency from vendors about the criteria used to classify content

35. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 35 CDA Sequels Child Online Protection Act (COPA) - passed in 1998 Banned commercial distribution of material harmful to minors ACLU challenged this law - Supreme Court has twice upheld lower court injunctions against enforcement, back to lower court in October 2006 http://www.aclu.org/freespeech/internet/onlinefreespeech.html Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) passed in 1999 Requires schools and libraries that receive federal funds for Internet access to filter out child pornography, obscene materials, and materials harmful to minors Upheld by Supreme Court in 2003 Many state laws Most have been declared unconstitutional

36. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 36

37. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 37 Anonymous censorship-resistant publishing The printing press and the WWW can be powerful revolutionary tools Political dissent Whistle blowing Radical ideas but those who seek to suppress revolutions have powerful tools of their own Stop publication Destroy published materials Prevent distribution Intimidate or physically or financially harm author or publisher

38. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 38 Anonymity increases censorship-resistance Reduces ability to force “voluntary” self- censorship Allows some authors to have their work taken more seriously Reduces bias due to gender, race, ethnic background, social position, etc. Many historical examples of important anonymous publications In the Colonies during Revolutionary War when British law prohibited writings suggesting overthrow of the government Federalist papers

39. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 39 Publius design goals Censorship resistant Tamper evident Source anonymous Updateable Deniable Fault tolerant Persistent Extensible Freely Available

40. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 40 Publius Overview Publius Content – Static content (HTML, images, PDF, etc) Publishers – Post Publius content Servers – Host Publius content Retrievers – Browse Publius content PublishersServersRetrievers

41. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 41 Publishing a Publius document Generate secret key and use it to encrypt document Use “secret splitting” to split key into n shares This technique has special property that only k out of n shares are needed to put the key back together Publish encrypted document and 1 share on each of n servers Generate special Publius URL that encodes the location of each share and encrypted document – example: http://!publius!/1e6adsg673h0==hgj7889340==345lsafdfg PublishersServers

42. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 42 Retrieving a Publius document Break apart URL to discover document locations Retrieve encrypted document and share from k locations Reassemble key from shares Decrypt retrieved document Check for tampering View in web browser PublishersServersRetrievers

43. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 43 Publius proxies Publius proxies running on a user’s local machine or on the network handle all the publish and retrieve operations Proxies also allow publishers to delete and update content PublishersServersRetrievers PROXYPROXY PROXYPROXY

44. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 44 Threats and limitations Attacks on server resources 100K Content Limit (easy to subvert) Server limits # of files it will store Possibility: use a payment scheme Threats to publisher anonymity “Rubber-Hose Cryptanalysis” Added “don’t update” and don’t delete bit Logging, network segment eavesdropping Collaboration of servers to censor content A feature?

45. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 45

46. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 46

47. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 47

48. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 48 Discussion Technology that can protect “good” speech also protects “bad” speech What if your dog does publish your secrets to the Internet and you can't do anything about it? Is building a censorship-resistant publishing system irresponsible? If a tree falls in a forest and nobody hears it….

49. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 49 For further reading Publius web site http://cs.nyu.edu/waldman/publius.html Publius chapter in Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies edited by Andy Oram The Architecture of Robust Publishing Systems. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 1(2):199-230 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/502152.502154

50. Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 50