1. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Towards A Scintillating (Semi)- Digital Hadron Calorimeter: Progress at NIU/NICADD Jerry Blazey Northern Illinois University

2. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD LC Activities at NIU/NICADD Scintillator (Semi-)Digital Hadron Calorimeter Simulation and Hardware Studies – This Talk Scintillator (Semi-)Digital Hadron Calorimeter Simulation and Hardware Studies – This Talk Test Beam Plans for Scintillator Hadron Calorimeter & Tail-catcher – Vishnu Zutshi – This Session Test Beam Plans for Scintillator Hadron Calorimeter & Tail-catcher – Vishnu Zutshi – This Session G4-based Simulation Status & Plans – Guilherme Lima – Session 7 Friday 8:30 G4-based Simulation Status & Plans – Guilherme Lima – Session 7 Friday 8:30 Muon Simulation Development & Status – Arthur Maciel – Muon/PID Session Wednesday 1:00 Muon Simulation Development & Status – Arthur Maciel – Muon/PID Session Wednesday 1:00

3. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD “Generic” Calorimeter Simulations “Generic” Calorimeter Simulations First Design & Prototype & Results on Sensitivity and Threshold First Design & Prototype & Results on Sensitivity and Threshold Optimization of Unit Cells Optimization of Unit Cells Light Sensor Investigations Light Sensor Investigations

4. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD A Generic Calorimeter: Number of Cells vs. Pion Energy For a 0.25 mip threshold # cells monotonically increasing with energy for a wide range of cell sizes. 0.25mip threshold # of Cells E 100 20

5. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Digital vs. Analog Very similar correlations exist for hits or energy Between the EMCAL and HCAL Energy 10,50 GeV  Hits 10,50 GeV  Hits HCALE HCAL Hits ECAL E ECAL

6. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Single Particle Energy Resolution Minimize (E o -   a i L i  ) 2 Minimize (E o -   a i L i  ) 2 a i calculated for 10 GeV & applied to all E which is conservative a i calculated for 10 GeV & applied to all E which is conservative i=2 for EMCAL & HCAL, also conservative i=2 for EMCAL & HCAL, also conservative

7. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Single Particle Energy Resolution Non-projective geometry For lower energy particles digital approach has superior resolution!  /E E 0.1 20

8. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Resolution as a Function of Multiple Thresholds or Bits * As in the previous slide, below 20 GeV digital resolution superior to analog. * At all energies, more bits superior.  /E) dig  /E) analog E So it works for single particles how about jets? 1 2

9. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Toy Simulation: “Recipe” for a Jet Determine resolution independent of algorithm Determine resolution independent of algorithm For ZZ events P T order stable MC particles, ignore ’s For ZZ events P T order stable MC particles, ignore ’s For charged hadrons assume perfect energy (from tracker) For charged hadrons assume perfect energy (from tracker) Smear the energy of other particles Smear the energy of other particles – For neutral hadrons use resolutions for charge pions (just discussed). – For photons use  ~ 17%/sqrt(E) Start with highest p T particle and cluster in 0.7 cone Start with highest p T particle and cluster in 0.7 cone Repeat for remaining particles Repeat for remaining particles Add individual energies to get jet energy Add individual energies to get jet energy

10. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD ZZ Events: Sanity Checks Stable MC particles Energy Fractions Neutral hadron fraction  fraction

11. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Jet E Resolution rms used  /E Jet E(GeV) So the idea holds water: At all energies 3x3 single threshold resolution comparable to analog !  

12. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Using full E-flow: Jet E rec /E gen ~60% better (Vishnu Zutshi, ECFA-DESY Workshop, 1/4/2004 http://nicadd.niu.edu, presentation 0046)  = 0.25  = 0.16 Calorimeter only Eflow

13. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Full Eflow: Jet E rec /E gen  = 0.17  = 0.16 Eflow digital (2cm 2 cells) Eflow analog Digital approach not yet optimized but performance comparable to analog!

14. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Hardware Prototypes: Stack, Layer, & Unit Cell Clear Fiber MPTM

15. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Cosmic Data with PMT Readout ~11 p.e. peak = 1MIP

16. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD 0.25 MIP threshold: efficient, quiet

17. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Cell Response Uniformity & Dispersion Column1Mean1562.506 Standard Error 24.52647 Median1557.96 Mode#N/A Standard Deviation 115.0394 Sample Variance 13234.05 Kurtosis-0.05291 Skewness0.334939 Range444.52 Minimum1386.47 Maximum1830.99 Sum34375.14 Count22 Cell-to-cell ~ 7% Uniformity ~ 3%

18. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Fiber Response Dominates: Dispersion ~ 6%

19. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Other Uniformity Measurements

20. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Relative Response Measurements CellGrooveAreaResponse HexagonSigma9.41895.3 SquareSigma9.41665.8 SquareSigma61740.5 HexagonSigma61743.8 HexagonSigma9.42015.9 SquareStraight9.41523.4 SquareStraight41618.6 SquareStraight9.4861.5 HexagonStraight9.4900.9 HexagonSigma9.41089.4 Since light ample, can optimize for ease of construction

21. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Surface Treatment/Wrapping TyvekPaint VM 2002 MylarCM590CM500 Alum Foil 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.89 1.08 1.08 0.83 0.83 0.28 0.28 0.44 0.44 0.63 0.63 UNPOLISHED TOP AND POLISHED BOTTOM POLISHED TOP AND POLISHED BOTTOM UNPOLISHED TOP AND UNPOLISHED BOTTOM 0.98 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.02 Paint easy, little light loss

22. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Miscellaneous Measurements: area, goove type, profile, source, glues, fibers 6cm 2 /9cm 2 6cm 2 /9cm 2 Straight/Sigma Straight/Sigma Square/Hex Square/Hex Extruded/Cast Extruded/Cast 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.7 0.7 After/Before glue After/Before glue EJ500/BC600 EJ500/BC600 (optical glues) (optical glues) Y11/BCF92 Y11/BCF92 1.15 1.15 1.0 1.0 3.1 3.1 NICADD scintillator 1mm round Kurray 0.8 mm square Bicron Can tune light yield with fiber type Can tune light yield with fiber type.

23. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD NICADD Extruder @ Fermilab

24. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Thickness Tolerance: 2-3% Response Depends weakly on Thickness: ~20%/mm 3mm 4mm 5 mm Thickness not an issue

25. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Optimum Cell Hexagonal or Square Hexagonal or Square 4 - 9 cm 2 4 - 9 cm 2 Straight Groove Straight Groove High efficiency fiber High efficiency fiber Glued Fiber and Painted Surface Glued Fiber and Painted Surface Extruded (cut costs) @ 5mm Extruded (cut costs) @ 5mm But a bigger question is the light sensor: PMTs costly, bulky we have been investigating APDs, MRS, Si-PM… we have been investigating APDs, MRS, Si-PM… My current guess…

26. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Hamamatsu Avalanche Photo-Diodes

27. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Cosmic MIP with Avalanche Photo-Diode Hamamatsu S8550

28. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Metallic Resistive Sensors

29. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Cosmics with MRS

30. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Si-PM’s (mounted on cell?)

31. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Cosmic Data with Si-PM Number of P.E. Comparable to PMT

32. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Tabulated Studies/Specs * B. Dolgoshein An Advanced Study of Silicon PM ICFA IB 2002 **A. Bross et all. Fermilab FN 0733 2003 *** Rykalin V. NICADD presentation http://nicadd.niu.edu 2002 Believe <$10/unit in bulk for SiPM

33. Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADD Scintillator DHC Conclusions Simulations indicate approach competitive with analog approach Simulations indicate approach competitive with analog approach Prototypes indicate there is sufficient sensitivity (light x efficiency) & uniformity. Prototypes indicate there is sufficient sensitivity (light x efficiency) & uniformity. Now optimizing materials & construction to minimize cost with required sensitivity Now optimizing materials & construction to minimize cost with required sensitivity SiPM and MRS look very promising SiPM and MRS look very promising All-in-all looks like a very competitive option…. We’ll be moving towards the next prototype