2. Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Flexible Budgets and Overhead Analysis Chapter Eleven

3. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Static Budgets and Performance Reports Static budgets are prepared for a single, planned level of activity. Performance evaluation is difficult when actual activity differs from the planned level of activity. Hmm! Comparing static budgets with actual costs is like comparing apples and oranges.

4. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Flexible Budgets Improve performance evaluation. May be prepared for any activity level in the relevant range. Show costs that should have been incurred at the actual level of activity, enabling “apples to apples” cost comparisons. Reveal variances related to cost control. Let’s look at CheeseCo.

5. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin CheeseCo Static Budgets and Performance Reports

6. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin CheeseCo Static Budgets and Performance Reports

7. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin U = Unfavorable variance CheeseCo was unable to achieve the budgeted level of activity. CheeseCo Static Budgets and Performance Reports

8. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin CheeseCo F = Favorable variance that occurs when actual costs are less than budgeted costs. Static Budgets and Performance Reports

9. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Since cost variances are favorable, have we done a good job controlling costs? CheeseCo Static Budgets and Performance Reports

10. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin I don’t think I can answer the question using a static budget. Actual activity is below budgeted activity. So, shouldn’t variable costs be lower if actual activity is lower? Static Budgets and Performance Reports

11. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin The relevant question is... “How much of the favorable cost variance is due to lower activity, and how much is due to good cost control?” To answer the question, we must the budget to the actual level of activity. The relevant question is... “How much of the favorable cost variance is due to lower activity, and how much is due to good cost control?” To answer the question, we must the budget to the actual level of activity. Static Budgets and Performance Reports

12. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Preparing a Flexible Budget Let’s prepare budgets for CheeseCo.

13. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Preparing a Flexible Budget Fixed costs are expressed as a total amount. Variable costs are expressed as a constant amount per hour. $40,000 ÷ 10,000 hours is $4.00 per hour. CheeseCo

14. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Preparing a Flexible Budget $4.00 per hour × 8,000 hours = $32,000 CheeseCo

15. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Preparing a Flexible Budget CheeseCo

16. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Preparing a Flexible Budget Total fixed costs do not change in the relevant range. CheeseCo

17. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Preparing a Flexible Budget

18. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Let’s prepare a budget performance report for CheeseCo. Flexible Budget Performance Report

19. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin CheeseCo Flexible budget is prepared for the same activity level (8,000 hours) as actually achieved. Flexible Budget Performance Report

20. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin CheeseCo Flexible Budget Performance Report

21. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin CheeseCo Flexible Budget Performance Report

22. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Remember the question: “How much of the total variance is due to lower activity and how much is due to cost control?” Flexible Budget Performance Report

23. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Static Budgets and Performance How much of the $11,650 favorable variance is due to lower activity and how much is due to cost control?

24. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Difference between original static budget and actual overhead = $11,650 F. Overhead Variance Analysis Let’s place the flexible budget for 8,000 hours here. Flexible Budget Performance Report

25. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Overhead Variance Analysis This $15,000F variance is due to lower activity. Activity This $3,350U variance is due to poor cost control. Cost control Flexible Budget Performance Report

26. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Variable Overhead Variances – A Closer Look If flexible budget is based on actual hours If flexible budget is based on standard hours Only a spending variance can be computed. Both spending and efficiency variances can be computed.

27. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin ColaCo’s actual production for the period required 3,200 standard machine hours. Actual variable overhead incurred for the period was $6,740. Actual machine hours worked were 3,300. The standard variable overhead cost per machine hour is $2.00. Compute the variable overhead spending variance first using actual hours. Then use standard hours allowed to calculate the variable overhead efficiency variance. Variable Overhead Variances – Example

28. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Actual Flexible Budget Variable for Variable Overhead Overhead at Incurred Actual Hours AH × SRAH × AR Spending Variance Spending variance = AH(AR – SR) Variable Overhead Variances AH = Actual hours AR = Actual variable overhead rate SR = Standard variable overhead rate

29. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Actual Flexible Budget Variable for Variable Overhead Overhead at Incurred Actual Hours 3,300 hours × $2.00 per hour = $6,600 $6,740 Spending Variance = $140 unfavorable Variable Overhead Variances – Example

30. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Variable Overhead Variances – A Closer Look Spending Variance Results from paying more or less than expected for overhead items and from excessive usage of overhead items. Now, let’s use the standard hours allowed, along with the actual hours, to compute the efficiency variance.

31. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin AH × SR AH × AR Spending variance = AH(AR - SR) Efficiency variance = SR(AH - SH) SH × SR Spending Variance Efficiency Variance Actual Flexible Budget Flexible Budget Variable for Variable for Variable Overhead Overhead at Overhead at Incurred Actual Hours Standard Hours Variable Overhead Variances

32. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3,300 hours 3,200 hours × × $2.00 per hour $2.00 per hour Variable Overhead Variances – Example $6,740$6,600$6,400 Spending variance $140 unfavorable Efficiency variance $200 unfavorable $340 unfavorable flexible budget total variance Actual Flexible Budget Flexible Budget Variable for Variable for Variable Overhead Overhead at Overhead at Incurred Actual Hours Standard Hours

33. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Efficiency Variance Controlled by managing the overhead cost driver. Variable Overhead Variances – A Closer Look

34. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Quick Check Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual variable overhead for the period was $10,950. Actual direct labor hours worked were 2,050. The predetermined variable overhead rate is $5 per direct labor hour. What was the spending variance? a. $450 U b. $450 F c. $700 F d. $700 U Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual variable overhead for the period was $10,950. Actual direct labor hours worked were 2,050. The predetermined variable overhead rate is $5 per direct labor hour. What was the spending variance? a. $450 U b. $450 F c. $700 F d. $700 U

35. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual variable overhead for the period was $10,950. Actual direct labor hours worked were 2,050. The predetermined variable overhead rate is $5 per direct labor hour. What was the spending variance? a. $450 U b. $450 F c. $700 F d. $700 U Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual variable overhead for the period was $10,950. Actual direct labor hours worked were 2,050. The predetermined variable overhead rate is $5 per direct labor hour. What was the spending variance? a. $450 U b. $450 F c. $700 F d. $700 U Quick Check Spending variance = AH (AR - SR) = Actual variable overhead incurred – (AH  SR) = $10,950 – (2,050 hours  $5 per hour) = $10,950 – $10,250 = $700 U

36. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Quick Check Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual variable overhead for the period was $10,950. Actual direct labor hours worked were 2,050. The predetermined variable overhead rate is $5 per direct labor hour. What was the efficiency variance? a. $450 U b. $450 F c. $250 F d. $250 U Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual variable overhead for the period was $10,950. Actual direct labor hours worked were 2,050. The predetermined variable overhead rate is $5 per direct labor hour. What was the efficiency variance? a. $450 U b. $450 F c. $250 F d. $250 U

37. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual variable overhead for the period was $10,950. Actual direct labor hours worked were 2,050. The predetermined variable overhead rate is $5 per direct labor hour. What was the efficiency variance? a. $450 U b. $450 F c. $250 F d. $250 U Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual variable overhead for the period was $10,950. Actual direct labor hours worked were 2,050. The predetermined variable overhead rate is $5 per direct labor hour. What was the efficiency variance? a. $450 U b. $450 F c. $250 F d. $250 U Quick Check Efficiency variance = SR (AH – SH) = $5 per hour (2,050 hours – 2,100 hours) = $250 F

38. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2,050 hours 2,100 hours × × $5 per hour $5 per hour Quick Check Summary Actual Flexible Budget Flexible Budget Variable for Variable for Variable Overhead Overhead at Overhead at Incurred Actual Hours Standard Hours $10,950 $10,250 $10,500 Spending variance $700 unfavorable Efficiency variance $250 favorable $450 unfavorable flexible budget total variance

39. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Overhead Rates and Overhead Analysis Overhead from the flexible budget for the denominator level of activity POHR = Recall that overhead costs are assigned to products and services using a predetermined overhead rate (POHR): Assigned Overhead = POHR × Standard Activity Denominator level of activity

40. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin The predetermined overhead rate can be broken down into fixed and variable components. The variable component is useful for preparing and analyzing variable overhead variances. The fixed component is useful for preparing and analyzing fixed overhead variances. Overhead Rates and Overhead Analysis

41. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Normal versus Standard Cost Systems In a normal cost system, overhead is applied to work in process based on the actual number of hours worked in the period. In a standard cost system, overhead is applied to work in process based on the standard hours allowed for the output of the period.

42. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Budget Variance Volume Variance FR = Standard Fixed Overhead Rate SH = Standard Hours Allowed DH = Denominator Hours SH × FR Actual Fixed Fixed Fixed Overhead Overhead Overhead Incurred Budget Applied Fixed Overhead Variances DH × FR

43. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin ColaCo prepared this budget for overhead: Overhead Rates and Overhead Analysis – Example ColaCo applies overhead based on machine-hour activity. Let’s calculate overhead rates.

44. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin The total POHR is the sum of the fixed and variable rates for a given activity level. Overhead Rates and Overhead Analysis – Example ColaCo prepared this budget for overhead:

45. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin ColaCo’s actual production required 3,200 standard machine hours. Actual fixed overhead was $8,450. The predetermined overhead rate is based on 3,000 machine hours. Fixed Overhead Variances – Example

46. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Overhead Variances Now let’s turn our attention to calculating fixed overhead variances.

47. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Fixed Overhead Variances – Example Budget variance $550 favorable $8,450$9,000 Actual Fixed Fixed Fixed Overhead Overhead Overhead Incurred Budget Applied

48. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Fixed Overhead Variances – A Closer Look Budget Variance Results from spending more or less than expected for fixed overhead items. Now, let’s use the standard hours allowed to compute the fixed overhead volume variance.

49. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin 3,200 hours × $3.00 per hour Budget variance $550 favorable Fixed Overhead Variances – Example $8,450$9,000$9,600 Volume variance $600 favorable SH × FR Actual Fixed Fixed Fixed Overhead Overhead Overhead Incurred Budget Applied

50. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Volume Variance – A Closer Look Volume Variance Results when standard hours allowed for actual output differs from the denominator activity. Unfavorable when standard hours < denominator hours Favorable when standard hours > denominator hours

51. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Quick Check Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual fixed overhead for the period was $14,800. The budgeted fixed overhead was $14,450. The predetermined fixed overhead rate was $7 per direct labor hour. What was the budget variance? a. $350 U b. $350 F c. $100 F d. $100 U Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual fixed overhead for the period was $14,800. The budgeted fixed overhead was $14,450. The predetermined fixed overhead rate was $7 per direct labor hour. What was the budget variance? a. $350 U b. $350 F c. $100 F d. $100 U

52. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual fixed overhead for the period was $14,800. The budgeted fixed overhead was $14,450. The predetermined fixed overhead rate was $7 per direct labor hour. What was the budget variance? a. $350 U b. $350 F c. $100 F d. $100 U Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual fixed overhead for the period was $14,800. The budgeted fixed overhead was $14,450. The predetermined fixed overhead rate was $7 per direct labor hour. What was the budget variance? a. $350 U b. $350 F c. $100 F d. $100 U Quick Check Budget variance = Actual fixed overhead – Budgeted fixed overhead = $14,800 – $14,450 = $350 U

53. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Quick Check Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual fixed overhead for the period was $14,800. The budgeted fixed overhead was $14,450. The predetermined fixed overhead rate was $7 per direct labor hour. What was the volume variance? a. $250 U b. $250 F c. $100 F d. $100 U Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual fixed overhead for the period was $14,800. The budgeted fixed overhead was $14,450. The predetermined fixed overhead rate was $7 per direct labor hour. What was the volume variance? a. $250 U b. $250 F c. $100 F d. $100 U

54. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual fixed overhead for the period was $14,800. The budgeted fixed overhead was $14,450. The predetermined fixed overhead rate was $7 per direct labor hour. What was the volume variance? a. $250 U b. $250 F c. $100 F d. $100 U Yoder Enterprises’ actual production for the period required 2,100 standard direct labor hours. Actual fixed overhead for the period was $14,800. The budgeted fixed overhead was $14,450. The predetermined fixed overhead rate was $7 per direct labor hour. What was the volume variance? a. $250 U b. $250 F c. $100 F d. $100 U Quick Check Volume variance = Budgeted fixed overhead – (SH  FR) = $14,450 – (2,100 hours  $7 per hour) = $14,450 – $14,700 = $250 F

55. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2,100 hours × $7.00 per hour Budget variance $350 unfavorable $14,800$14,450 $14,700 Actual Fixed Fixed Fixed Overhead Overhead Overhead Incurred Budget Applied Volume variance $250 favorable SH × FR Quick Check Summary

56. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Overhead Variances and Under- or Overapplied Overhead Cost In a standard cost system: Unfavorable variances are equivalent to underapplied overhead. Favorable variances are equivalent to overapplied overhead. The sum of the overhead variances equals the under- or overapplied overhead cost for a period.

57. Copyright © 2006. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin End of Chapter 11