1. 12/21/051 Accelerator Research at SLAC Ronald Ruth Head Accelerator Research Department A (ARD-A) AARD HEPAP Subpanel December 21, 2005

2. 12/21/052 Outline Introduction to Accelerator Research at SLAC Highlights of Beam Physics Highlights of Advanced Computation Conclusion Special Note: –SLAC Accelerator Scientists and Management would like to thank the AARD HEPAP subpanel for their time and effort.

3. 12/21/053 Accelerator Research HEP Accelerator Research at SLAC –Deeply rooted in pushing the state of the art of accelerators –Driven by exploration at the frontier of HEP –Has significant spin-off impact on Photon Science. Photon Science Accelerator Development –SPEAR3 now, LCLS coming soon –LCLS upgrades and enhancements--later –Foundation of these advanced facilities—HEP Accelerator Research –Success of these advanced facilities depends on the impact of the Accelerator Science at SLAC.

4. 12/21/054 Fundamental Issues for HEP High center-of-mass energy –Led to large storage ring development –Led to the invention of Linear Colliders –Drives acceleration gradient –Drives power source development –Stimulates exploration of advanced accelerator concepts High luminosity –Drives the development of bright electron/positron beams –Generation and preservation of intense, low emittance e + e - beams –High-current storage rings –Special optics for beam demagnification What about Photon Science? –Photon-electron interaction—FEL instability—collective effect –Ultra-bright electron beams  ultra-bright photon beams –Significant overlap of fundamental beam physics

5. 12/21/055 SLAC Programmatic Priorities for Accelerators for HEP For the near term –Focus on B-factory performance and science For the mid term –Focus on ILC—the highest priority new facility for the world community. For the long term –Research and development in Accelerator Science The future of the field Make the next HEP accelerator after ILC technically feasible and affordable

6. 12/21/056 The SLAC Approach to Accelerator Research Push the envelope of operating accelerators –PEP-II + flavor factories world wide—all operating facilities Study Beam Physics and develop Accelerator Technology and for next generation facilities. –ILC –Future Multi-TeV Linear Colliders—High Gradient Research Exploit unique facilities for Accelerator Research –Final Focus Test Beam (FFTB) –NLC Test Accelerator (NLCTA) Explore Advanced Accelerator Research –Laser Acceleration –Plasma Acceleration –Ultra-bright beam physics Push the state of the art in computational tools –To bridge the gap between theory and technology

7. 12/21/057 PEP-II Performance Details of PEP-II development are not covered here. Substantial laboratory effort and accelerator physics effort. We include highlights of impact of accelerator research applied to PEP- II.

8. 12/21/058 ILC at SLAC High Energy LC is the highest priority for the world community. –SLAC has been a leader of LC development Champion of warm RF technology Impact of cold technology choice? –SLAC committed to ILC—independent of technology –Accelerator expertise and experience in all subsytems R&D program restructured to address key issues for cold LC –SLAC staff are co-leading 4 of the technical subgroups.

9. 12/21/059 SLAC ILC Research Activities (not part of this review) Restructured Program to align with cold LC. –Accelerator Design and CDR Electron/Positron sources Damping Ring Design Beam Delivery System Instrumentation and control systems –Part of coordinated GDE effort. Some Accelerator Research will be directed for technology support –For example, L-band power sources Overall ILC program—Tor Raubenheimer this afternoon

10. 12/21/0510 Overview of Accelerator Research and presentations today Introduction and Overview (this talk) Beam Physics (this talk) –Lattice Development and Beam Dynamics –Collective Effects and Bright Beam Physics Advanced Computations (this talk) –New computational algorithms –RF modeling, frequency and time domain. –Beam device modeling –Calculation of beam-environment interaction.

11. 12/21/0511 Overview of Accelerator Research Accelerator Technology Development (S. Tantawi, Next talk) –Advanced Concepts for near future programs-ILC –High Gradient Research toward Multi-TeV LC –Technology Research Advanced Accelerator Research (Bob Byer, Stanford, Bob Siemann, SLAC) –Laser acceleration –Plasma acceleration –Facilities

12. 12/21/0512 Management and Budget Accelerator R&D Annual Funding –Average ~$8.5M/yr for past 5 years (operating budget) Split between –Beam Physics –Accelerator Technology –Advanced Computation –Advanced Accelerator Research --long term –SciDac ~$550k/yr Advanced computation— near and mid term Management –Organized around 3 departments ARD-A—Ron Ruth –Beam Physics –Accelerator Technology ARD-B—Bob Siemann –Advanced Accelerator Research Advanced Computation—Kwok Ko Near and mid-term

13. 12/21/0513 Accelerator Research in the Context of other programs SLAC—1500 staff, 3000 users (HEP + Photon Science) –Accelerator Physics-HEP— around 100 scientists (Including students)

14. 12/21/0514 Accelerator Research and Education In the previous group of 100 Scientists –8 Faculty –19 Graduate Students –5 Post Doctoral Research Associates –Several Openings for Post Docs We seek to document our work in publications to achieve a long-lasting impact on our science. –Over the past 1-2 years SLAC Accelerator Physicists have authored About 400 publications of all types Over 70 publications in archival journals Please see the SLAC Accelerator Research List of Recent Publications handout. Please see the SLAC Accelerator Research Staff, Students, Post Docs handout

15. 12/21/0515 Accelerator Research--Major Facilities The SLAC Linac —unique world facility PEP-II—Pushes storage ring state of the art Final Focus Test Beam (FFTB)—model final focus, now Adv. Acc. Research NLC Test Accelerator (NLCTA)—beams for Adv. Acc. Research, power for high-gradient studies, ILC development. Klystron Test Lab —RF technology development Short Pulse Photon Source (SPPS)—ultra-short bunches of electrons/photons—Bunch compression for FFTB Later, Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS)—bright beam preservation, coherent effects Possible future facility: South Arc Beam Experimental Region SABER which would replace the FFTB.

16. 12/21/0516 Beam Physics Beam Physics research is driven primarily by the requirements for high luminosity –Complex beam manipulation with compensation of nonlinear effects –High intensity storage rings –Low emittance, high intensity => bright e beams –Development of low emittance sources and damping rings –Intensity limitations due to interaction with surroundings –High demagnification optics and bunch compressors => small spots and short bunches. It is useful to divide the subject into: –Lattice Development and Dynamics of Beams –Collective Effects and Bright Beam Physics

17. 12/21/0517 Lattice Development and Dynamics of Beams Highlights of recent activities: Maintained and upgraded SPEAR3 and PEP-II lattices Developed a precision method: Model Independent Analysis (MIA) to improve the machine optics for PEP-II Developed a self-consistent simulation code for beam-beam effects at PEP-II Designed a new dogbone damping ring with improved acceptance and extraction lines for ILC Studied and proposed a phase-2 collimation system to reduce the impedance for LHC Near-term goals: Lead the lattice design efforts for selecting a baseline configuration of damping rings for ILC Continue the beam-beam simulation to optimize the luminosity of PEP-II Extend MIA to include dispersion and Improve the machine optics for PEP-II Continue the design the ILC extraction lines Improve the efficiency of collimation system for LHC Long-term vision: To continue to develop and apply the most sophisticated Lattice Dynamics tools To on site facilities, such as LCLS To future facilities for HEP--ILC

18. 12/21/0518 Model-Independent Analysis (MIA) (Storage Ring Optics Modeling — PEP-II and future Damping Rings) Excite the beam resonantly at the betatron or synchrotron frequency Taking turn-by-turn beam position data at beam position monitors (BPM) in entire ring. Accurately extract optical information with very high precision at the excited resonance Reconstruct a complete six- dimensional model of accelerator using linear optical variations and BPM gains and crossing coupling Use the model to improve accelerator and its performance Measured phase advance (red dots) vs. a fitted model (blue line) Measured beam tilt angles (blue), and expected improvement (red) using a MIA solution

19. 12/21/0519 Dispersion measurement from MIA The 3 rd resonance excitation from sinusoidal perturbation on the RF voltage to extract accurate linear dispersion. Without using additional fitting variables, we have fitted also the dispersions in both planes. The accelerator model can also be passed to tracking code: LEGO, for beam-beam studies using BBI code. Measured dispersions (green), the ideal design (blue), and a MIA fitting (red).

20. 12/21/0520 Beam-Beam Simulation using Particle-In-Cell Method 1) Both beams are represented macro particles (160,000) strong-strong 2) A bunch is divided into some slices which include many macro-particles. Collision is calculated with every pair of slices in the time sequence. 3) The distribution of particles in slice is used to solve two-dimensional Poisson equation on a regular grid (128x128). x y z 4) The solved potential then used to compute the kick experienced by a particle from the opposing slice. IP

21. 12/21/0521 Simulations and Measurements with Parasitic Collisions at PEP-II Bunch Luminosity Specific Luminosity The number of bunch was 1230 and bunch spacing was every two buckets. The ratio of currents in the measurement was not fixed as a constant, but the agreements are surprisingly good. Beam-beam limit Lifetime limit

22. 12/21/0522 Beam-Beam Spectra at PEP-II Horizontal spectrums for two beams matched both in simulation and measurement. In x plane,  and  modes are clearly seen the simulation. (f 0 = 136.312 kHz) e -, x e +, x

23. 12/21/0523 Positron Beam Distributions with Beam-Beam Interaction With a linear matrix or 8 th order Taylor map ( x + =0.5125). Nonlinear map is important because it defines the dynamic aperture. The distributions are averaged after 40,000 turns to improve the statistics. Contours started at value of peak/sqrt(e) and spaced in e. Labels are in  of the initial distribution. The core distribution is not disturbed much by the nonlinearity in the ring while the tail is strongly effected.

24. 12/21/0524 A Model Guided Strategy to Improve PEP-II Luminosity or Damping Ring performance PEP-II MIA(YY) LEGO(YC) BBI(YC) FJD,YC MS,JT Model based and adiabatic correction scheme for luminosity improvement. Tuning was done during the delivery and guided by the luminosity reading. 1.0x10 34 cm -2 s -1

25. 12/21/0525 Design of ILC Damping Ring to Improve Dynamic Aperture dynamic aperture of damping rings with nonlinear single-mode wigglers. 17 km dogbone damping ring 8 km 0.5 km Dynamic aperture of the DESY dogbone damping ring is not adequate with nonlinear wigglers in the lattice. We designed a new damping ring based on a detuned  cell and non-interlaced sextupoles. The new design significantly improves the dynamic aperture of on-momentum particles as shown in the figure. We are planning to improve further the dynamic aperture of the off-momentum particles, analyze tolerance of the lattice, and make a specification of wigglers.

26. 12/21/0526 Optics Design for SABER (the South Arc Beam Experimental Region project)  To replace FFTB as a user facility  Testing beam  Advanced accelerator research  Experiments for astrophysics .Independent operation respect to LCLS  Use many existing accelerator infrastructure  2/3 linac shared with PEP-II  South arc of SLC Desired IP parameters e+ or e- up to 30 GeV 2 10 10 (3 nC) per pulse bunch length < 30  m rms x, y size < 10  m dispersion  =  ’ = 0 Design IP parameters  x = 1 cm,  y = 10 cm  =  ’ = 0  x = 50  m,  y = 5  m  x =  y = 2.9  m at 30 GeV (without aberrations) SABER lattice functions

27. 12/21/0527 SABER particle tracking Shorten the bunch to 26  m but with ±2% energy spread. Sextupoles are introduced to reduce the second-order dispersion. Achieved required beam parameters at the interaction point:  x = 5.2  m,  y = 5.4  m,  z = 26  m Bunch length and energy spread X and Y spread at the IP

28. 12/21/0528 Collective Effects and Bright Beam Physics Suppression of the secondary emission yield to mitigate electron cloud effects Dust particle dynamics in storage rings CSR in light sources and linear collider damping rings Resistive wall wakefields in the LCLS undulator FEL theory with slowly varying beam and undulator parameters Proposal of a low-charge bunch regime for the LCLS Recent achievementsFuture plans Theory of wakefields for short bunches with application for ILC collimators. Further investigations into micro-bunching instabilities CSR effects in beam dynamics Physics of energy spread and emittance limitations of the RF guns Methods of producing higher power and shorter saturation length in SASE FELs

29. 12/21/0529 “Dark current” electrons emitted from irises of a high frequency accelerating structure may have various deleterious effects, one of which is an interaction with the primary electron (or positron) bunch. Kicks to the beam centroid caused by the field of the dark current dilute the beam emittance. Our simulations showed that contribution of dark currents is small compared to other sources of emittance growth. This may impact Multi-TeV High Gradient Designs. Breakdown currents will almost certainly cause missing pulses Dark currents in High Frequency RF structures V. Dolgashev, K. Bane, J. Wu, G. Stupakov, T. Raubenheimer, PRST-AB, 2005

30. 12/21/0530 Suppression of the secondary electron emission is an important technique of mitigating deleterious effect of the electron cloud in modern accelerators. We proposed to suppress effective SEY by using grooves on the surface of the metal. The suppression factor depends on the angle of the grooves, and can reach ~2 for 40 degrees angle. Suppression of SEY for grooved surfaces (Significant Possible Impact on ILC DR cost) G. Stupakov, M. Pivi, SLAC-TN-04-045

31. 12/21/0531 Dust particle dynamics in storage rings A model of the dust particle dynamics explaining the long time of the dust events observed in the PEP-II B-factory and BEPC-II machines has been developed. Previous models predicted that dust particles should burn down in ~50  s. The new model includes into consideration large-amplitude 2D oscillations of a dust particle in the electric field of the beam. S. Heifets, Qing Qin, M. Zolotorev, PRST-AB, 2005

32. 12/21/0532 Onset of instability developing from initial noise after a fraction of synchrotron period. Saturation of instability causes smoothing of microbunching and enlargement of rms bunch-length. Nonlinear analysis demonstrates bursting of the instability, in qualitative agreement with experiment. Nonlinear regime of the CSR instability time-domain simulations using a Vlasov equation solver (M. Venturini and R. Warnock, PRL). Distribution after 1.5 synchrotron oscillation periods.

33. 12/21/0533 Nonlinear regime of ion instability in electron rings An observed transverse instability in BESSY-II is explained as an ion instability in the ring. A simplified model of the instability shows a pattern qualitatively similar to the experimental results. The developed approach allows analyze the nonlinear regime of the instability, and could provide a new method of diagnostic of the beam parameters. S. Heifets and D. Teytelman, PRSTAB, 2005

34. 12/21/0534 Surface roughness impedance of the LCLS undulator vacuum chamber An examples of the measured roughness profile. The rms roughness ~20 nm, rms slope ~2. 10 -3 Surface roughness in the LCLS undulator vacuum chamber generates geometrical wakefield which induces energy spread in the beam. The theory of roughness wake predicts that the wake decreases with rms height of the bumps and the average slope. Developed a computer program for processing roughness measurements of the undulator surface and will use it for monitoring the requirements in the production cycle.

35. 12/21/0535 Advanced Computations Department (ACD)  Develop a parallel simulation capability in electromagnetics & beam dynamics under SciDAC to run on Office of Science’s (SC) flagship supercomputers (IBM SP3@NERSC, Cray X1E@NLCF),  Advance computational science to enable ultra-scale computing in solving challenging accelerator problems by working with SciDAC teams in computer science and applied math,  Apply to SC’s existing/planned accelerators including PEP-II, NLC/ILC, MIT (HEP), CEBAF, RIA (NP), and LCLS (BES),  Disseminate/train/educate – SBIR supports GUI development (codes in use @ KEK, FNAL,..), USPAS course in “Computational Methods in Electromagnetics”, graduated 3 PhDs/3 in progress. Formed in 2000 to focus on high performance computing to:

36. 12/21/0536 ACD Parallel EM & BD Codes Parallel EM codes: Finite Element Discretization up to 6 th order V3D – Visualization/Animation of Meshes, Particles & Fields S-Matrix Eigenmodes Wakefields Dark Current RF Gun Multipacting Klystron Omega2/3PS3P T2/3PTrack2/3P PIC2/3P Frequency Domain Beam Tracking PIC Time Domain Parallel BD codes:  Weak strong beam-beam PLIBB (hadron machines) – speed- optimized tracking code resolving ~100 hours of Tevatron beam lifetime  Strong-strong beam-beam NIMZOVICH (lepton machines) – using parallelized fast elliptic solver that scales to 100’s of CPUs  Coherent Synchrotron Radiation TraFiC4 (FELs, ERLs) – high resolution scheme applied to LCLS parameter study.

37. 12/21/0537 Nonlinear Eigensolvers - LBNL, UCD, Stanford Visualization - UC Davis Parallel Meshing - Sandia, U Wisconsin Shape Optimization - UT Austin, Columbia, Sandia, U Wisconsin, LBNL, LLNL Performance Analysis - LBNL, LLNL Electromagnetic Modeling @ SLAC Adaptive Mesh Refinement - RPI Under SciDAC, ACD is collaborating with 3 national labs and 6 universities on computational science research essential to the success of Large-scale EM simulations. Advances in Computational Science (Details in Ryne’s talk on SciDAC)

38. 12/21/0538 EM Modeling for PEP-II and NLC  PEP-II IR Heating –  NLC DDS Cell Design –  NLC DDS Wakefields –  NLC Dark Current – + 1M Hz -1MHz Red – Primary particles, Green – Secondary particles

39. 12/21/0539 EM Modeling for the ILC  ILC Cavity HOM Damping – TESLA & Low-Loss  ILC Input Coupler Multipacting -  ILC BPM & L-Band Structures – KEK design TTF3 design

40. 12/21/0540 EM Modeling for LCLS, CEBAF, RIA, MIT  LCLS RF Gun Cavity – Minimizing dipole, quadruple fields and pulse heating  CEBAF 12 GeV Upgrade – HOM & heating  RIA RFQ Cavity - Qo reduction MIT PBG Structure - Wakefields Quad  (  βr)/mm

41. 12/21/0541 ACD Summary  New parallel EM & BD simulation capability established and validated under SciDAC 1,  Significant advances achieved in computational science  Successful applications to many accelerator projects, existing and planned,  Focus on ILC R&D (Cavity, Couplers, Klystron…)  Competing for SciDAC 2 under HEP  Develop the NEXT level of simulation tools  Seek to include NP projects – CEBAF, RIA  Seek to include BES projects – LCLS, SNS

42. 12/21/0542 Conclusion Accelerator Research at SLAC –Extends fully across the Laboratory’s programs –Pushes the reach of operating facilities –Gives birth to emerging new capabilities –Explores the advanced accelerator frontier –Pushes the state of the art in computation –Has a broad impact world-wide We develop accelerator capability for the HEP community –which begins with today's accelerator science and facilities, –which encompasses the ILC, –but also extends far beyond the ILC to multi-TeV capability. Next Presentation: Accelerator Technology Development and High Gradient Collaboration

43. 12/21/0543 Accelerator Departments and Their Human Resources FacultyStaff Research Associates Graduate Students ARD-A 3 + 2 Emeritus1825 ARD-B 1419 ACD 7 + 6*3 *Computer Scientists

44. 12/21/0544 Brief Overview of Departments Accelerator Research Department-A (Ron Ruth) –Pushes the capabilities of operating facilities –Develops the Beam Physics and Accelerator Technology for the next generation. –Selected topics of Advanced Accelerator Research Advanced Computing Department (Kwok Ko) –Develops the next generation of computational tools –Uses these tools for accelerator development. Accelerator Research Department-B (Bob Siemann) –Performs experimental research on new ideas for high gradient acceleration of particle beams –Potential of long-range but far reaching impact.