1. Pathology What is it?

2. What is the problem? The hypothesized cause The biology The symptom The sign The distress The functional impairment The consequences of impairment

3. What is the cause? Supernatural influence Humors out of balance Bad behavior Brain malfunction Mind malfunction Adverse social influence

4. What is “normal”? A social construct A quantity A quality A fitness for environment

5. Two approaches Categorical Dimensional

6. Compare with “real” diseases What is the “problem”? What is the cause? Is it just a matter of degree?

7. Proposed system Describe large samples Notice outliers Check for clusters

8. Differentiate illness and issues