1. Voices from the Road: Descriptions of a Sense of Presence in Intercultural and International Encounters Gary Fontaine, Ph. D. School of Communications University of Hawaii Organizational Management & Organizational Development program Fielding Graduate Institute This paper explores further the state of consciousness referred to as a "sense of presence" by complementing earlier quantitative work on presence in intercultural/international encounters with descriptive accounts of the experiences by the participants, themselves. These descriptions illustrate previously established factors of the state, including: being present in the immediate place and time; having a broad awareness of everything around them: experiencing vividness, realness and being very alive; and responsiveness the situation. Additional descriptions illustrate other important aspects of presence. The conclusion stresses the need to better understand the conditions that affect presence whether encounters are face-to-face, mediated or virtual. Paper presented at the "28th International Congress of Psychology" in Beijing, China, August 2004 Phone (808) 956-3335; Email gmfontaine@cs.com Home Page www2.hawaii.edu/~fontaine/garyspag.html

2. Presence in f2f, online and in virtual environments Presence & Presencing Senge et al. (2004) Virtual Presence Ditlea (1990) Sense of Presence Lombard & Ditton (1997) Remote Presence Uttal (1989) Sense of Presence Fontaine (1989 & 1993) Multiple Presence Lipnack & Stamps (2000) Telepresence Lombard & Ditton (1997) User Presence Riva et al. (2002)

3. A Sense of Presence

4. The Challenges of New People, Cultures, Places & Technologies Getting the job done by dealing effectively with diversity & change Maintaining motivation Coping with “ ecoshock ”

5. Beardsworth, T. (1977). A sense of presence. Manchester College, Oxford. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row. Ditlea, S. (1990). Inside artificial reality. PC/Computing, November 1989, 95-102. Fontaine, G. (1993). The experience of a sense of presence in intercultural and international encounters. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(4), 1-9. Fontaine, G. (1994). Presence seeking and sensation seeking as motives for international travel. Psychological Reports, 75, 1583- 1586. Fontaine, G. (2000). Skills for successful international assignments to, from, and within Asia and the Pacific: Implications for preparation, support, and training. In U. C. V. Haley (Ed.) Strategic management in the Asia Pacific: Harnessing regional and organization change for competitive advantage. Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann. Fontaine, G. (2002a). Presence in Teleland. In K. Rudestam & J. Schoenholtz-Read (Eds.), A handbook on teaching in the virtual classroom: A guide to excellence in online education. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Fontaine, G. (2002b). Teams in Teleland: Working Effectively in Geographically Dispersed Teams “in” the Asia Pacific. Team Performance Management, 8(5/6), 122-133. Heeter, C. (2003). Reflections on Real Presence by a Virtual Person. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 12(3), 335 - 345. Langer, E. J. (1989). Mindfulness. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Lipnack, J. & Stamps, J. (2000). Virtual teams: People working across boundaries with technology. NY: Wiley. Lombard, M. & Ditton, T. (1997). At the heart of it all: The concept of telepresence. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 3 (2), 1-39. Riva, G., Davide, F. & Ijsselsteijn, W. A. (2002). Being there: concepts, effects and measurements of user presence in synthetic environments. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: IOS Press Seamon, D. (1979). A geography of the lifeworld: Movement, rest and encounter. New York: St. Martin's Press. Senge, P., Scharmer, C. O., Jawarski, J. & Flowers, B.S. (2004). Presence: Human purpose and the field of the future. Cambridge, MA: The Society for Organizational Learning. Tuan, Yi-Fu (1986). The good life. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. Uttal, W. R. (1989). Teleoperators, Scientific American, December, 124-129. References