1. Creating Test Environments HDL Model HDL Testbench Simulation Engine API stimulus check Testbench Program stimulus check Non-HDL languages may be used to control testing process Provide software abstractions not available in HDLs

2. HDL (Verilog) Test Environments HDLs provide basic facilities for testbench development Hierarchy is primarily structural No classes

3. External Control in Verilog $readmemh allows files to be read Interactive control is weak in language (must use simulator)

4. Behavioral Hierarchy Tasks (and functions) enable behavioral hierarchy STIM module

5. Other Verilog Testbench Features Debug Trace File Generation $display/$fdisplay print data to stdio/files $monitor/$fmonitor print data whenever signals change Randomization - watch out for seed values $random produces uniform distribution $dist_normal(), $dist_exponential, $dist_poisson

6. C/C++ Testbench Benefits Every engineer can write C/C++ code Can use classes, pointers, and other software features Disadvantages Control flow between HDL and C/C++ domain in confusing Partitioning is an issue Difficult to make HW tests in SW language (time, structure, etc)

7. Integrated C/C++ Testbench HDL Simulator calls C/C++ functions - Program Language Interface (PLI) for Verilog - Foreign Language Interface (FLI) or VHPI for VHDL Ex. The write_command task could be written in C C/C++ performs sub-functions (i.e. make test data, compare test response) but top control flow is in HDL C/C++ can be invoked implicitly on events, at time steps May be hard to follow control flow when invocation is implicit

8. Separated C/C++ Testbench Control flow switches between C/C++ and HDL at each time step HDL simulator keeps track of signal values over time Control flow switch at two explicit points, easier to follow

9. High-Level Verification Languages Common Features Temporal Expressions - check for event sequences over time Constrained Random Test Generation - need to weight the occurrence of events on inputs 1.Constrain the domain: x >5 OR x <2 2.Weight the domain: x = 1 (50%), x=2 (25%), x=3 (25%) 3.Constrain mutual domains: x + y < MAXVAL 4.Temporal constraints: valid 0 = 1 => valid 1 = 0

10. High-Level Verification Language Features Coverage Collection - Quantify the amount of the design covered during testing Automatic Garbage Collection (Memory Management) - No malloc, memory leaks, etc. Interpretation and Compilation - Interpretation is often useful during interactive debugging

11. OpenVera Supported by Synopsys Object-Oriented language Random variables can be defined with constraints/weights

12. Context Free Exressions in OpenVera Backus-Naur Form (BNF) expressions can be used to restrict test generation Weights are possible too

13. E Language Owned by Cadence (previously Verisity) Also object-oriented Standard subclass hierarchy allowed with “like”

14. Extension and Constraints in E “extend” adds fields to a struct “keep” constrains field values Extend can be useful when different data is used for different tests May be hard to keep track of all variations

15. System C Language Another object-oriented HVL It is C++ with extra classes to support hardware concepts Great for cosimulation of HW/SW systems